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BEING  A SKETCH  OF  THE  HISTORY  OF 


CHARLESTON,  S.  C. 


WITH  SOME  ACCOUNT  OF 


ITS  PRESENT  CONDITION, 

lA 

WITH  NUMEROUS  ENGRAVINGS. 


COJIPII.ED  BY 

ARTHUR  MAZYCK,  Esq. 


PRINTED  AND  PUBLISHED  BY 

WALKER,  EVANS  & COGSWELL, 
3 Broad  and  109  East  Bay  Streets, 
CHARLESTON,  S.  i.C. 

1885, 


i U-fAfir.KST'ON  ifOTEI.,  JlEi.rrxo  Stb'ET 
H v.es,  .i-j.OO  and  •■4.00  '’'v-  Tay.  ."HAKbESriVN,  S.  < 


R 

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1-^ 


P33886 


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COLORS, 

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AGENTS  FOR 


MOWE'S  STHNCSRD  SGSLES, 

MARVIN’S  SAFES.  ' 


CECA-R-LESTOIT,  S.  O. 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH 


OF 


CHARLESTON.  S.  C. 


The  City  of  Charleston  owes  its  origin  to  a party  of  Englisli 
Colonists,  sent  over  by  the  Lords  Proprietors,  under  Col  Wil- 
liam Sayle  in  the  year  Kiti!).  These  Pro]irietors  were,  Edward, 
Karl  of  Clarenilon  ; Ceorge,  Duke  of  Albemarle;  William, 
lyord  Craven  ; John,  Lonl  Berkley;  Anthony,  Lord  Ashley, 
afterwards  Karl  of  Shaftesbury;  Sir  George  Carteret;  Sir 
tViiliam  Berkley, and  Sir  John  Colleton  to  whonr  an  extensive 
grant  of  lands  in  A merica,  inrluding  the  whole  of  che  Caro- 
iinas,  had  been  made  in  lfi93,  b}'  King  Charles  II. 

Several  expeditions  were  sent  out  by  them,  but  that  umler 
Coh  Sayle  was  the  first  to  make  a iieraranent  settlement. 

The  colonists  on  reaching  the  coast  of  Carolina,  entered  the 
harbor  of  Port  Royal,  and  it  is  has  generally  been  believed  that, 
they  landed  there  with  the  intention  of  settling,  until  fears 
of  their  neighbors,  the  Spaniards  of  Florida,  and  the  Indian 
tribes  allied  with  the  Spaniards,  induced  them  to  move  to  a 
i-amr  distance.  But  the  papers  ot  the  Earl  of  Shaftesbury,  the 
chief  among  the  Lords  Proprietors,  to  wlrich  access  has  only 
recently  been  obtained,  show  conclusively  that  their  stay  at 
Port  Royal  e.xtended,  at  most,  over  a few  weeks  and  that  in- 
duced by  the  representations  of  their  Indian  friend  and  guide, 
the  ‘'Cassique  of  Kiawah,”  they  very  so  jn  moved  Northward, 
and  landing  at  Albemarle  Point,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Ash- 
ley, opposite  the  present  city,  they  laid  out  a town,  and  in 
honor  of  the  King  named  it  Charle.3  Town.* 

In  a little  while  it  was  found  that  the  situation  of  the  town 
w IS  inconvenient  for  shipping,  and  by  degrees  the  inhabitants 
began  to  establish  themselves  nearer  the  sea. 

The  point  formed  by  the  condueiice  of  the  Ashlej'  and 


* The  Shaftesbury  papers  were  deposited  in  the  Pubtio  Record  O.'Bee 
in  London,  only  a lew  j^ears  ai^o.  Very  interesting  extracts  from 
them  are  contained  in  the  Centennial  .Address  of  flon.  W.  A Courte- 
nay, Mayor  of  Cnarleston,  published  in  tlie  valuable  Year  Book  for 
1883 


l'oo|)er  liivers,  and  known  as  Oyster  Point,  was  low  and 
marshy,  and  cut  up  by  nunierons  ereeks,  but  there  was  suth- 
c-ient  hifrh  ground  on  the  Cooper  liiversideto  afford  room  for 
a settlement,  and  in  the  coui’se  of  a few  years  (1(177)  there 
were  enough  liouses  built  upon  it  to  need  some  cesignation, 
and  it  was  called  by  the  rather  humble  title  of  Oyster  Point 
Town. 

In  JG80,  so  large  a majority  of  the  ])eo]>le  had  removed  to 
this  spot  that  it  was  formally  made  the  seat  of  government, 
and  called  jS'ew  t’harles  Town.  Two  years  later  the  former 
settlement  was  virtually  abandoned  ami  the  new  one  became 
the  only  Charles  Town.  It  was  at  that  time  declared  a port  of 
entry,  and  in  1685  a Collector  was  appointed.  The  city  was 
incorporated  under  its  jtresent  name  of  Charleston  by  the  State 
I^egislature,  in  17S.8. 

Of  the  first  settlement  on  the  Ashley  there  is  now'  scarcely 
a trace  remaining  ; the  creek  immediately  below  it  is  called 
Old  Town  Creek,  ami  a half-filled  ditch  is  sometimes  pointed 
out  as  having  formed  part  of  the  w’orks  for  the  defence  of  the 
town  ; but  there  is  nothing  to  show  on  what  plan  it  was  laid 
out,  or  w hat  was  its  extent  or  character. 

On  looking  at  an  early  plan  of  our  present  City  we  are  hardly 
surprised  that  it  should  not  have  been  at  lir.st  selected  as  the 
site  upon  which  to  build,  and  we  cannot  too  greatlj^  admire 
the  energy  and  patience  of  the  men  who  triumphed  over  the 
difficulties  which  nature  interposed,  and  laid  the  foundations 
of  the  City  destined  to  play  so  important  a jiart  in  the  historj 
of  America. 

We  i-elect  as  our  illus-tration  (see  frontispiece)  the  plan  from  a 
survey  made  by  Edward  Crisp,  in  1704,  which  will  show  the 
to])Ography  of  the  town  and  surrounding  countiw,  and  give 
some  idea  of  what  were  the  difficulties  to  wdiich  we  have  re- 
ferred, In  the  space  now  included  between  Water  and  Cal- 
houn .'■treets  there  were  no  less  than  ten  large  creeks,  wdth 
numerous  branches,  besides  several  ponds  and  low'  marshy 
si>ots.  The  town  at  that  iieriod  was  bounded  On  the  south  by 
a creek  which  occupied  tlie  site  of  Water  street,  and  which 
was  then  or  soon  after  knowui  as  Yanderhorst’s  Creek ; on  the 
nortli  by  another  large  creek,  where  the  market  now'  is  ; on 
the  east  by  Cooper  River,  the  shore  of  which  w'as  much  fur- 
ther in  than  it  now  is,  covering  all  the  land  now  occupied  b;> 
the  offices  and  w'arehouses  on  the  east  side  of  East  Bay  street 
while  the  western  boinrdary  was  just  a little  beyond  Meetin,_ 
street. 

Within  the  first  year  thirty  houses  were  built,  mostly  of 
wood.  We  will  mention  a few  of  those  laid  down  on  the  map. 
so  as  to  show  the  principal  localities  first  settled  ujron. 

The  intersection  of  Broad  and  Church  streets  may  be  taken 
as  the  central  sfiot  of  the  town  ; the  corners  being  occupied, 
respectively,  as  fol low's: 


3 


].  Pasquero  and  Garrett’s  house,  northeast  corner,  the  site 
now  occupied  by  Messrs.  Klinck,  Wickenlierg  & Co. 

2.  Landsacii’s  house,  northwest  corner,  now  occupied  by 
the  building  of  the  Charleston  Library  Society. 

3.  John  Croskey’s  house,  southwest  corner,  now  occupied 
by  the  stDre  of  Messrs.  John  Paul  & Co. 

4.  Chevelier’s  house,  southeast  corner,  site  now  occupied 
by  a building  owned  by  Mr.  C.  C.  Plenge. 

^Tradd’s  house  stood  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Tradd  and 
East  Bay  streets.  The  site  was  afterwards  owned  bv  General 
Pinckney. 

Landgrave  Thomas  Smith’s  house  was  on  the  southwest 
corner  of  East  Bay  and  Longitude  Lane.  <Jn  the  lot  in  rear  of 
this  house  the  first  rice  ever  raised  in  Carolina  was  planted, 
about  the- year  1693.  The  last  traces  of  the  f)ld  settlement  are 
now  gone,  and  the  e.vtensive  buildings  of  the  Commercial 
Wliarf  and  Cotton  Pre.ss  Company  are  erected  on  the  land. 

Cel.  Rhett’s  house  was  on  the  west  side  of  the  Bay,  near 
Ilnity  a'ley,  on  the  site  now  occupied  by  the  First  National 
Bank. 

On  the  east  side  of  Bay  sti-eet,  directly  opi^osite  Broad  street, 
was  the  Court  of  Guards  or  Garrison. 

The  Public  Market  was  at  the  western  limit  of  the  town, 
wliere  the  City  Hall  now  stands. 

The  English  Church  (St.  Philip’s)  was  built  16S1-2,  on  the 
southeast  corner  of  Broad  and  Meeting  streets,  the  site  now 
occupied  by  St.  Michael’s  Church. 

The  French  Church  (Huguenot)  was  on  the  lot  of  land  occu- 
pied by  the  present  French  Protestant  Church. 

The  Independent  Church  was  on  the  east  side  of  Meeting 
street,  on  the  spot  now  marked  by  the  ruins  of  the  Circular 
Church  ; and  the  Baptist,  or  Anabajitist,  was  on  the  west  side 
of  Church  street,  a little  above  Water,  where  the  Baptist 
Church  now  stands. 

There  wa.s  also  a Quaker  meeting  house,  but  that  was  out- 
side of  the  limits  of  the  town,  and  stood  on  a lot  on  the  east 
side  of  King  street,  a few  doors  below  Queen. 

’the  site  of  the  present  Court  House  was  a large  ))ond,  but 
this  was  probably  artificial,  being  caused  by  the  digging  of 
several  deep  trenches  for  defence  against  a threatened  inva- 
sion of  the  Indians  in  1703.  It  was  not  drained  until  1756. 

The  land  was  deeply  indented  at  the  foot  of  (^ueen  street, 
tormiug  a kind  of  natural  dock,  whence  its  name  at  that  time 
of  Dock  street. 

^Dr.  Ramsay  in  his  history  mentions  that  the  north  end  of 
bunion  street  (now  State  street)  was  planted  with  rice  as  late 
as  1755. 

At  the  extreme  point  of  the  Peninsula  outside  of  the  town, 
on  the  point  called  Oy.ster  Point,  and  afterwards  White  Point, 
was  the  old  Watch  House. 


4 


Tlie  town  consisted  in  nil  of  eight  streets  nnd  one  alley, -viz: 
Tradtl,  Elliott,  liroad,  and  <hieen,  running  east  and  west  from 
I’.ay  street  toClinirli  and  Meeting;  ard  Bay,  Union,  Chnrch  and 
Meeting  streets,  and  Bedon’s  alley,  ninning  north  and  south. 

For  ]irotection  against  enemies  from  abroad  as  well  as  the 
Indians,  who  frequently  thieatened  the  safety  of  the  inhab- 
itants, the  town  wits  tortiticd  by  bastions  at  the  salient  jtoints, 
eonnected  by  earthworks. 

Ashley’s  hastimi  stood  on  the  northern  margin  of  Vander- 
horst’s  creek  (Water  street);  to  the  east  of  this,  across  the 
creek,  was  Granville’s  bastion,  while  southeast  of  the  latter, 
on  the  hardage,  orlteach,  was  a detached  battery,  or  bastion, 
called  Blake’s  bastic  n. 

Ci-aven’s  bastion  was  on  tlie  southern  margin  of  the  creek 
which  formed  the  ujiyer  boundary  of  the  town,  that  is  about 
the  corner  of  Iiast  Itay  and  Market  sireets.  Car'eiet’s  wrs  on 
ii  line  with  it  and  Meeting  street,  and  Colleton’s  at  the  point 
where  N'anderhorst’s  creek  crossed  Meeting  street,  i.  at 
Brice’s  alley.  At  each  end  of  Broad  street  was  a half-moon, 
or  detached  bastion,  that  at  the  western  extremity  being  called 
Ji  hns(  n’s  half-moon 

W’ithin  these  limits  the  town  was  comjuehended  rntil  the 
yeiir  1743,  by  which  time  it  had  outgrown  its  boundaries,  and 
a new  survey  was  made,  which  added  several  .S(]uare.''.  The 
northern  boundary  was  extended  to  a line  near  Beautain 
stieet,  continued  from  river  to  river,  and  the  western  to  the 
Ashley.  Among  the  principal  .sti’cets,  added  at  this  time,  were 

I amholl,  J.egare,  Orange  and  Friend,  below  Broad  street,  and 
Mazyck,  Archdale,  Clillbrd,  Berestoi-d,  and  Magazine,  above  it. 
By  degrees  tliese  lines  e.xtended  themselves  and  new  streets 
and  squares  w'ere  added,  w hich  were  from  time  to  time  in- 
( hided  in  tlie  municipality. 

t^nch  was  the  early  tojiography  of  the  Oty  of  Cliaricstc  n, 
\ildch  we  have  desciibcd  in  orderthat  it  may  be  seen  how  the 
city  gradually  extended  itself  to  its  present  area. 

As  to  (he  inhal'itants,  we  liavc  seen  that  the  first  settlers 
w ere  Engli.shni' n They  were  of  variou.s  clas.ses  and  ci.ndi- 
tionsof  life;  seme  f>f  (hem  ( av.-diers,  triends  oi’  coiiiie,\ion.s 
of  the  J.ords  Projirietors,  w horn  an  adventurous  sjiirit  led  i<> 
visit  tlie  new  world;  others,  men  of  lower  degree  seeking 
their  lortunes  under  circumstances  of  greater  freedom  than 
the  condition  ofatlairsin  Great  Britain  at  that  time  iiermitted. 

Uhey  weie  joined  in  (lie  years  liKSfiand  BiSbby  a number  of 

II  ugni  nets,  w hem  the  revi  iation  of  the  edict  of  Nantz  had 
di  iven  In-m  Fiance,  and  these  soi  n formed  an  important  )'art 
of  the  J O]', Illation.  A lew  brought  im  ney  with  them  and  wnre 
ableatome  to  enter  into  commei'ie  and  to  become  land- 
holders. Ail  of  them  w ere  trained  to  baliits  of  industry,  and 
the  strict,  almost  austei  e nature  of  their  religion,  and  the  trials 
which  (hey  had  gone  tliiough,  made  them  earnest,  liai'd- 


workin  r men,  well  fitted  to  (;omb:it  the  mmiv  difFi  /alties  and 
disa|)i>:.iiiunu‘nts  ini'i<lent  to  the  settlement  of  a wild  and  un- 
tried euuntry. 

Immigrant, s from  other  parts  of  the  world  also,  for  various 
reasons,  found  their  way  t > the  new  town.  These  diflerent 
elements  nat’ura  ly  took  some  time  to  settle  into  a .stale  <d‘ 
harmony.  The  Cavaliers  and  the  Puritans  could  not  easily 
foi-iiet  their  old  fends,  and  the  French  were  for  a lomz  time 
rou:arded  as  aliens  and  debarreil  fr  an  all  p)litical  privilea'cs. 

But  the  co.iim  )ii  d.inzers  and  lab  ir.s  which  they  hud  to 
iindei'K'o  ton-ether,  and  the  ne-.'e.ssity  of  combined  action,  in 
time  caused  their  differen.'e.s  to  be  for,j;otten  and  all  w.jrked 
together  for  tlie  oener.il  "-md. 

So  ith  Carolina,  hovvever,  showe-l  a revolutionary  spirit  very 
early.  By  its  charter  tlie  provin.-e  was  under  the  e.Kclusive 
control  of  the  Lords  Proprietons ; they  a,pp')inted  the  ( toveim- 
ors,  who  administered  the  laws  as  laid  down  in  c<uistitations, 
framed  by  them  or  under  their  direction,  the  most  fimo  is  of 
wliich  was  that  .said  to  have  been  constructed  by  the  philos  i- 
jiher.  .Tidm  L ickc.  It  was  in  this  that  provision  was  made  for 
certain  tTtTes' of  nobilitv,  amori'jr  them  that  of  Landgrave, 
which  we  have  seen  applied  to  iMr.  Thomas  ymith. 

Fr.im  a very  early  period  iliffi jultie.s  were  continually  aris- 
ing' lictween  the  pe  >ple  and  their  i-nlers  ; the  various  <rround.s 
of  ddferen  -c  were  ti.io  numerous,  and  t i ocomplex,  tosetdown 
here.  It  is  snthcient  to  observe  that  the  Proprietors  away  in 
Jcnn-land  could  neither  nuderslan.l  nor  sympathize  with  the 
condition  of  the  colonists  here,  and  while  on  the  one  hand 
they  were  unahle  or  unwillin'-  ti.)  fulfill  many  of  their 
liledaes  to  the  crown  and  to  the  people  of  the  colony,  on  the 
other  they  were  frequently  disposed,  to  usurp  greater  iiuwers 
than  were  granted  to  them.  At  length,  in  the  year  171'.),  the 
people  formed  a secret  scheme  for  tliriwinc:  off  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Proprietors,  and  putt'ng  themsel  ves  directly  under 
that  of  the  P>ritish.  Crown,  and,  in  December  of  that  year,  they 
formally  notified  the  G-overnor,  Robert  Johnson,  of  their  in- 
tention. Governor  John.son  of  course  endeavored  to  maintain 
his  position,  but  the  pe  iple  standing  linn,  he  perceived  that 
resistance  would  be  usele.ss. 

They  cho.se  .Tames  Moore  as  tlieir  governor,  subject  to  the 
direct  autlim  ity  of  the  British  Government. 

Having  thus  lirieflv  sket  died  the  first  settlement  of  our 
City,  we  turn  naturally  to  tho.se  laiulmarks  which  r.miain 
either  in  their  original  form,  or  so  changed  us  to  illustrate  its 
present  condition  ; and  first  ann)ng  the.se,  in  point  of  time,  as 
well  as  on  account  of  its  many  intere.sting  associations,  comes 

ST.  pnrup’s  CHURCH. 

In  the  original  plan  of  Charles  Town,  a lot  was  set  apart  for 
a church,  and  upon  this  lot,  at  ihe  southeast  corner  of  Broad 


.and  Meeting  streets,  the  site  of  the  present  St.  Michael’s,  the 
first  Episco].)al  C'luirch  in  the  province,  was  built  in  1681-82. 
It  was  usually  called  the  English  Church,  but  its  distinctive 
name  Avas  St.  Philip’s-  AVe  learn  that  it  was  built  of  black 
cypress,  on  a brick  foundation,  but  not  much  is  known  of  the 
particulars  of  its  appearance.  In  March,  1710-1 1,  an  Act  of 
A.«sembly  was  passed  for  the  building  of  a new  church  of 
brick,  the  one  just  referred  to  having  begun  to  decay,  and  be- 
ing rather  too  small  for  the  increased  size  of  the  congregation. 
This  second  church  was  built  on  the  site  occupied  by  the 
]>resent  one  on  the  east  side  of  Church  street,  a short  distance 
above  Queen  ; it  was  lirst  opened  for  divine  service  in  1728, 
but  was  not  entirely  finished  until  1727;  in  fact  the  steeple 
Avas  never  carried  to  the  height  oidginally  intended,  thus  mar- 
ring the  effect  of  the  architecture.  It  Avas,  notwithstanding 
this,  a very  elegant  and  imposing  building,  and  continued  for 
upwards  of  a liundred  years  the  pride  and  admiration  of  all 
who  were  connected  Avith  it. 

On  Sunday  morning,  February  15,  1835,  a fire  broke  out  in 
some  buildings  to  the  north  of  the  t hurch,  and,  the  wind 
blowing  strongly  from  that  direction,  sparks  Avere  lodged  in 
the  wood  Avork  of  the  steeple,  Avhich  soon  caught  fire,  and  in 
a very  short  time  the  whole  building  was  so  enveloped  in  the 
flames  that  ad  the  eflbrts  of  the  citizens  who  flocked  to  the 
scene  Avere  unavailing,  and  it  Avas  completely  destroyed,  to  the 
great  grief  of  the  entire  community  as  Avell  as  of  its  own  con- 
gregation. Preparations  Avere  immediately  made  to  repair  the 
loss,  and  on  the  12th  November  of  the  same  year  the  corner 
stone  of  the  present  Church  was  laid,  Avith  appropriate  cere- 
monies, on  the  same  site. 

Service  was  first  held  iiA  it  on  the  3rd  Mayp  1838,  and  it  was 
consecrated  by  Bishop  BoAven,  on  the  Dth  November  of  the 
same  year.  It  is  a very  beautiful  edifice,  Avith  a graceful  spire 
on  the  Avestern  extremity,  rising  two  hundred  feet;  the  inte- 
rior, with  its  lofty  arched  roof,  profusely  ornamented,  and  sup- 
ported by  perfect  Corinthian  columns,  is  remarkable  for  the 
■elegance  and  correctness  of  its  architecture.  It  was  furnished 
Avith  an  excellent  chime  of  bells,  but  the.se  Avere  broken  up 
and  cast  into  cannon  during  the  late  Avar,  and,  as  yet,  the 
means  of  the  church  have  not  been  sufficient  to  rejfiace  them. 
The  clock  in  the  steeple  has  long  been  disused. 

There  are  tAVO  cemeteries  attached  to  the  church,  one  imme- 
diately around  it,  and  the  other  across  Church  street,  extend- 
ing back  to  the  cemetery  of  the  Independent  Church.  Near 
the  center  of  this  second  cemetery,  under  the  shade  of  a beau- 
tiful magnolia,  stands  a square  brick  tomb,  covered  Avith  a 
plain  marble  slab,  where  rest  the  remains  of  the  great  states- 
m an , John  0.  Callioun.* 

*The  .state  Legif,lature,  at  tlie  session  of  188.1,  made  an  appropriation 
for  tne  erection  of  a liandsome  sarcophap:us  in  St.  Philip’s  cliurcli- 
yard  lor  the  remains  of  Mr.  Calhoun,  Avhich  is  now  nearly  completed. 


ST.  Michael’s  ciiuecii, 

The  history  of  St.  Michael’s  Church  is  so  iiitimatclj’  asso- 
ciated with  that  of  St.  Philip's  that,  although  it  does  not  fol- 
low in  strict  chronological  order,  we  naturally  look  next  for  it. 

An  Act  of  Assembly,  passed  June  14,  1751,  divided  the  town 
into  two  Parishes;  all  north  of  Broad  street  to  be  called 
St.  Philip’s,  and  all  south  of  it  St.  Michael’s.  The  same  Act 
directed  the  building  of  a Church  on  the  site  lately  occupied 
by  St.  Philip’s,  at  the  southeast  corner  of  Broad  and  jMeeting 
streets.  The  South  Carolina  Gazette,  of  P’ebruary  22,  1752, 
states  that  the  corner  stone  of  the  new  Church  was  laid  with 
much  ceremony,  on  the  17th  of  that  month ; it  further  men- 
tions that  “this  Church  will  be  built  on  the  plan  of  one  of  Mr. 
Gibson’s  designs,”  but  nothing  more  definite  is  known  of  the- 
architect.  It  is  not  unlikely  that  “ Mr.  Gibson  ” was  a misprint, 
for  “l\lr.  Gibbs,”  a successor  of  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  and  tlie 


arcliitc'ct  of  some  of  tile  tiiiost  clini'ilies  i f Loiulon — notably 
St.  Martin’s-in-tlie-Fields,  which  St.  Michael’s  in  some 
respects  resembles.  The  entire  cost  of  construction  was 
only  S3?, 755. 87  of  rmr  present  currency.  It  is  of  brick, 
rouyh  cast,  nnd  is  now  colored  white.  The  outside  dimen- 
sions are,  leneth,  one  hundred  and  thirty  feet;  width,  sixty 
feet;  the  steeple  is  one  hundred  and  eiyhty  feet  in  height, 
and  is  scarcely  surpassed  for  its  architectural  beauty  by 
an.v  in  America.  There  is  a peculiar  rejiose  and  stability 
about  the  entire  structure,  which  never  fails  to  imjiress  the 
beholder.  The  steejile  is  a very  prominent  landmark,  ami 
can  he  seen  at  sea  for  several  miles.  Duriny  the  late  war  the 
greater  part  of  the  shells  from  the  Federal  batteries,  on  Mortis 
Island,  were  aimed  directlv  at  it.  but  stranye  to  say  it  was  not 
once  struck.  The  body  of  the  Church  was  several  times  sti  tick, 
hut  without  very  serious  injury. 

d'he  Church  was  first  o])ened  for  divine  worship  Fehrutiry 
1,  1701.  I he  hells  and  dock  were  imported  trom  England  in 
17('il.  and  the  oryan  in  17(i8.  The  history  of  these  hells  is  pe- 
cidiarly  interesting'.  IVhen  the  British  evacuated  Charleston, 
in  December,  1782,  Major  TraiHe,of  the  Boyal  Artillery,  seized 
the  Irells  on  the  pretence  that  they  were  a military  i>erquisite. 
d'he  citizens  ap]died  for  them  on  the  ground  that  they  had 
been  |iurchased  by  ]'>rivate  subscription,  and  Sir  Guy  Carleton 
issueil  an  order  for  their  restoration,  hut  they  had  already 
been  shipped  to  England,  where  they  were  sold  and  purchased 
by  a Mr  Byhineu,  and  reshiiqied.  They  arrived  in  Clharles- 
ton  in  November,  1783,  and  were  immediately  taken  posses- 
sion of  and  replaced  in  the  heUry. 

In  1861  they  were  removed  to  Columbia  for  safety,  and 
when  that  city  was  burned  by'  Sherman,  they  wei'o  so  much 
injureil  l)y  fire  as  to  he  rendered  entirely  useless  ; tw'O  of  them 
were  stolen  and  con'd  never  he  recovei'ed. 

In  the  Spr  n^  of  1866,  ihey  were  again  sent  to  England  to 
he  recast  ; this  was  done  by  the  successors  of  the  firm  that 
han  made  them  a hundred  years  before,  from  the  same  jtat- 
terns,  and  on  the  18th  February,  1807,  the  eight  hells,  as  nearly 
identical  as  possible  with  the  original  ones,  were  landed  in 
Chai'h'ston ; they  were  detained  in  the  Custom  House  stores 
fo]'  some  time,  until  arrangements  could  he  made  for  the  pay- 
ment of  the  very  heavy  duty,  amounting  to  upwards  of  two 
thousand  dollars,  hut  on  the.  21st  lUarch,  1867,  they  were  again 
jilaced  in  the  steeple,  and  the  familiar  cldmes  once  more  rang 
out.  No  sound  appeals  so  touchingly  to  the  heart  of  a Charles- 
tonian as  these  old  hells,  and  their  return  was  a source  of  deep 
emotion. 

The  ('emetery  of  8t.  Michael’s  extends  on  the  south  lo  St. 
IMichael’s  Alley,  and  in  rear  of  the  Church  to  the  Man.sion 
House  lot;  in  it  are  interred  the  remains  of  many  of  Charles- 
ton’s most  honored  citizens. 


THE  FRENCH  PROTESTANT  (JTUGUENOt)  CHURCH. 

Tlie  French  Hniru.enot  Clmrch  belongs  to  the  ver3'  earl}'  his- 
tory of  Charleston. 

We  have  noticed  Ihe  larue  immigration  of  Huguenots  in 
the  years  1685  and  1686;  but  these  were  not  the  first  of  thcir 
race  and  religion  who  sought  a refuge  in  tlie  new  colony. 
Some  had  come  among  the  first  settlers,  and  in  ihe  years 
1679-80  two  ships  tilted  out  for  the  purjiose,  under  ihe  authori- 
ty and  at  the  cost  of  i harles  1 1,  of  England,  brought  a number 
ot  French  Protestants  to  Carolina,  witli  a view  to  the  intro- 
duction of  the  manulacture  of  silk  and  the  culture  of  the  vine 
and  the-olive.  It  is  most  likely  that  according  to  their  inva- 
riable custom,  they  at  once  foinied  a congregation,  and,  ])ei- 
ha]  s,  built  their  c'huich.  The  records  were  destroyed  by  fire 
and  precise  dates  cannot  be  fixed,  but  it  appears  that  they 
had  a church  on  the  site  of  the  ])resent  one,  the  southeast 
corner  of  Church  and  Queen  streets,  as  early  as  1692.  This 
first  building  is  believed  to  have  been  burned  in  1740,  a 
second  met  the  same  fate  in  1706,  and  was  rebuilt  in  1797  ; 
about  the  year  1845,  this  was  I’emodelled  and  enlarged  to  its 


10 


present  dimensions.  It  is  a small  bnildin>r,  but  a very 
pretty  one,  in  coi-rect  (TOtliic  style,  carefully  ami  neatly  tin- 
ished.  On  the  walls  of  the  inteilor  aie  sevei'al  handsome 
marble  taldets,  erected  in  inemory  of  the  principal  founders 
of  the  church  b}'  their  descendants. 

It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  tins  is  the  only  cliureli  in  the 
United  States  which  adheres  to  the  exact  form  of  the  Hugue- 
not worship. 

AVe  next  turn  to  the 


EXCHANGE,  OR  POST  OFFICE. 

AVe  have  seen  that  the  old  Court  of  Guards  stood  on  the  east 
side  of  the  Bay,  facing  Broad  street.  In  1761,  an  Act  of  As.sem- 
bly  was  passed  for  the  erection  on  this  site  of  an  Exchange,, 
the  contract  for  building  given  to  Messrs.  Peter  and  John  A. 
Horlbeck,  ancestors  of  the  present  family  of  that  name,  ami 
the  cost  was  fixed  at  £44.016  16s.  8d.,  gold.  Most  of  the  ma- 
terial used  was  brought  from  England.  AA^hen  completed  it 
became  the  general  business  mart  of  Charleston,  and  so  con- 


11 


tinned  formally  years.  1 hiring  tlie  occupation  of  the  city  by 
the  British,  its  lower  floors  were  used  as  a prison,  and  in  one 
of  the  rooms  Col.  Isaac  Ilayne  was  confined  and  thence  taken 
to  execution. 

Afterwards  the  vaults  were  used  as  vendue  stores,  until  the 
building  of  the  present  Yeinlue  Bange,  and  the  rest  of  the 
budding  as  Post  (Jtlice  and  Custom  House.  The  situation  be- 
coming unsafe  in  the  late  war,  it  was  deserted,  and  fell  almost 
to  ruin  ; but  it  has  since  been  refitted,  and  the  Post  Office  re- 
established in  it. 

The  front  was  originally  on  the  east  side,  and  wings  ex- 
tended out  on  East  Bay,  but  as  these  obstructed  tlie  street 
they  were  taken  down  and  the  front  changed  to  the  western 
side,  llecently,  the  roof  being  much  out  of  repair,  the  cupola 
and  some  oi  the  ornamental  work  have  been  removed,  but  the 
building  still  ]iresents  an  imposing  appearance. 


THE  COURT  HOUSE. 

The  Court  House  for  Charleston  County  stands  at  the  north- 
west corner  of  Broad  and  Meeting  streets,  on  the  site  of  the 
■o'd  State  House.  After  that  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  17SS, 


12 


an<l  the  Legislature  had  removed  its  sittings  to  Columbia,  the 
present  building  was  ereoted  on  the  same  foundation,  and 
l)ecame  the  Charleston  Court  House,  and  is  one  of  the  best 
specimens  of  architecture  in  the  city.  It  is  built  of  brick,  faced 
so  as  to  resemble  stone  ; the  principal  front  is  on  Broad  street, 
and  presents  a central  projection,  formed  by  a screen  of  col- 
umns r.dsed  on  a rustic  arcade,  the  whole  rising  the  entire 
heiglit  of  tlie  building.  The  interior  has  recently  been  en- 
tirely remodelled — the  entrance  is  now  on  Meeting  street;  and 
immediately  within  are  stairways  on  the  right  and  left,  leading 
to  the  second  floor;  a corridor  extends  the  whole  length  of  the 
first  floor,  and  on  each  side  of  this  are  the  rooms  i,f  the  otH- 
cers  of  the  Court.  The  Court-room  occupies  the  whole  of  the 
second  floor,  excejit  the  western  extremity,  which  is  divided 
into  three  convenient  rooms,  assigned  respectively  to  the 
Judge,  tlie  Circuit  ciolicitor,  and  the  Stenographer  of  the  Court. 
It  is  a very  handisome  hall,  perfectly  lighted  and  ventilated, 
and  in  every  respect  well  adapted  to  its  uses.  On  the  third 
floor  are  the  jury  rooms  and  the  library  of  the  Law  Society. 

On  the  northeast  corner  of  Broa<l  and  Meeting  streets  is 
tlie  City  Mall  ; this  building  was  erected  for  the  United  States 
Bank,  and  was  purchased  by  the  City  when  the  Bank  was  re- 
moved from  Charleston,  with  the  money  received  fi-om  the  sale 
of  the  Lxcliange  to  the  United  States  Government. 

Though  somewhat  defective  in  architecture,  it  is  a very  im- 
jiosing  building;  the  front  is  on  Broad  street,  anil  a double 
flight, of  marble  steps  leads  to  the  flr.st  floor,  which  stands 
upon  a higli  basement;  the  whole  front  of  this  floor  was  a 
large  hall,  paved  with  marble,  in  w’hich  the  City  Court  was 
held;  in  the  rear  were  the  offices  of  the  City  Treasurer  and 
Assessor,  and  the  staircase  leading  to  the  second  floor,  which 
was  occupied  by  the  Council  Chamber,  and  offices  of  the  May- 
or, and  some  of  the  other  city  officers.  In  1882  it  was  deter- 
mined by  the  City  Council  to  rearrange  the  interior  so  as  to 
provide  accommodation  for  all  the  city  officers,  and  this  was 
very  successfully  accomplished  The  first  floor  is  now  divided 
into  handsome  and  well  arranged  offices;  easy  stairways  lead 
to  the  second  floor,  the  whole  front  of  which  is  occupied  by 
the  Council  Chamber,  the  private  office  of  the  Mayor,  and  the 
office  of  the  Clerk  of  Council.  These  are  divided  from  the 
Council  Chamber  by  sliding  doors,  so  that  the  wdiole  space  can 
be  thrown  into  one  w'hen  desired.  On  the  north  side  are 
Committee  Rooms  and  the  City  Court  Room. 

The  Council  Chamber  is  a very  fine  hall,  thirty  feet  in  wddth 
by  fifty  in  length,  with  twenty-four  feet  height  of  ceiling  ; fur- 
nished with  convenient  desks  for  the  aldermen,  and  having  a 
balcony  for  the  accommodation  of  visitors. 

It  is  ornamented  with  a number  of  pictures  and  a few  pieces 
of  statuary.  Some  of  these  possess  considerable  merit,  and 
all  are  so  interesting  from  their  history  and  associations  that 


13 


THE  CITY  HALL. 

a brief  notice  of  them  condensed  from  the  cataiosnie  in  (lie 
‘‘Year  Book  of  the  City”  for  1883, will  not  be  inap])ro]iriate  here. 
They  sfre  : A full  length  port i-ait  of  George  "Washington,  Ipv 
Col.  Triinibull,  i>ainted  for  the  City  Council  shoilly  after  the 
visit  of  President  Washington  to  Cliarleston,  in  1731  ■ A full 
length  jwrtrait  of  President  Monroe,  b}' iS.  P.  I>.  itlorse,  who 
became  famous  as  one  of  the  inventois  of  the  electric  tele- 
gra]ih.  , Gen.  Jackson,  by  "\'anderlyn  This  was  also  painted 
to  the  order  ol  the  City  Council,  probably  soon  after  the  bat- 
tle of  Yew  Orleans.  There  is  also  a bust  portrait  of  General 
Jackson,  in  the  ^Mayor’s  otiice.  the  execution  of  which  is  con- 
sidered superior  to  the  foregoing.  John  C.  Calhoun  by 
llealy.  IMr.  Calhoun  is  represented  as  addres^ing  the  Senate 
of  the  United  States,  and  in  the  back  ground  apjiear  the  faces 
of  several  of  his  conteniporari.es  in  that  body.  General  Zach- 
ary Taylor,  a full  length  jiortrait,  executed  at  New  Orleans  at 
the  close  of  the  Mexican  war,  in  1848,  for  iMr.  Peter  Cionrey,  a 
Banker  of  New  Orleans,  who  had  formerly  been  a resident  of 
Charleston  for  several  years,  and  iiresented  to  the  city  by' 


14 


Ml’-  Conrey.  Wm.  C.  Preston,  believed  to  be  by  Jarvis,  an- 
English  poi'trait  painter  who  for  some  years  resided  in  Colum- 
bia, 8-  C.  Tliis  picture  was  in  the  possession  of  the  family  of 
the  late  General  Wadd}’’  Thompson,  of  Greenville,  and  was 
purchased  from  them  in  1883,  by  Hon.  W.  A.  Courtenay,  who 
presented  it  to  the  city.  Senator  Wade  Hampton,  a portrait, 
painted  in  1879,  by  P.  Prescott,  of  Boston,  and  presented  to  the 
City  t-'ouncil,  of  Charleston,  by  Dr.  Wm.  Ilenry  White,  of 
Springlield,  Mass.,  through  Cajit.  F.  W.  Dawson.  Genl.  Wm. 
Moultrie,  by  Charles  Fraser.  The  date  of  this  portrait  is  not 
known.  Wm.  Enston,  by  J.  H.  Stolle,  of  Dresden.  This  por- 
trait was  re-produced  from  a photograph  and  is  considered  a 
fair  likeness.  Mr.  Enston  was  a native  of  Canterbury,  Eng- 
land, who  settled  in  Charleston,  in  1885,  and  after  twenty-five 
years  of  a profsiierous  busine.ss  career,  bequeathed  a large  por- 
tion of  his  property,  amounting  to  some  !J4()0,000,  to  the  city 
in  trust  to  found  a home  for  aged  ]ier,sons.  Ji.  portrait  of 
Hon.  W.  A.  Courtenay,  Mayor  of  the  citjq  presented  to  the 
City  Council,  by  the  Aldermen  who  served  with  him  in 
the  city  government  1879-83,  at  their  last  meeting,  held  De- 
cember 19th,  1883.  The  Marquis  ile  Lafayette,  a portrait  in 
miniature,  by  Charles  Fraser,  executed  for  the  City  Council, 
to  commemorate  the  visit  of  the  Marquis  de  Lafayette  to 
Charleston,  in  1825  Mr.  Fraser  was  a fine  artist  and  all  of  hi.s- 
pictures  possess  merit,  but  probably  his  special  excellence  lay 
in  miniature  painting,  and  specimens  of  his  work  of  this  kind 
are  very  highly  valued  in  Charleston.  Genl.  Francis  Marion, 
by  J.  H.  Stolle.  This  is  a remarkable  work  of  art.  There  is 
no  really  authentic  likeness  of  Gen  Marion  in  existence,  and 
tlie  ])ainter  had  for  guidance  only  some  imperfect  prints,  and 
the  written  accounts  of  the  General’s  personal  appearance. 
His  success  is  striking  ; it  would  be  difficult  to  form  a more 
]ierfect  ideal  of  the  hero  of  Carolina,  than  he  has  produced. 
Mr.  Stolle  has  presented  the  picture  to  the  city.  It  hangs  at 
jiresent  in  the  Mayor’s  office. 

The  statuary  consists  of  the  fbllowing  pieces  : Bust  of  Robert 
Y.  Havne,  Iw  Edward  V.  Valentine,  of  Richmond,  Va.  This 
beautiful  piece  of  work  was  executed  to  the  order  of  the  City 
Council,  and  was  unveiled  on  the  occasion  of  the  celebration  of 
the  Centennial  of  the  Incorporation  of  the  City  of  Charleston, 
.\ugust  13th,  1883.  Jlr  Valentine  is  well  known  through  his 
great  work,  the  recumbent  figure  of  Gen.  Lee  on  his  mon- 
ument at  Lexington,  Va.  Bust  (heroic  size)  of  James  Louis 
Retigru,  South  Carolina’s  great  Jurist.  This  was  executed 
by  Mr.  A.  G.  Harnisch,  of  Rome,  for  tion.  W.  A.  Courtenay, 
and  by  him  presented  to  the  city  on  the  occasion  of  the  cen- 
tennial above  referred  to.  Bust  of  Robert  Fulton,  by  Bre-. 
mond,  copied  from  the  original  by  Houdon.  Plaster  bust  of 
.lohn  C.  Calhoun,  by  [the  late  Clark  lAIills,  believed  to  be  one 
of  his  earliest  works- 


15 


On  tlie  north  wa'l  of  tlie  coiuu'il  chamber  is  a memorial 
tablet  of  white  marble,  wiih  the  following  inscrii)tion : “City 

of  Charleston  fonmled  1670;  Incorjwrated  178M.”  Below  are 
the  names  of  the  Intendants  and  Mayors,  from  1783  to  1883, 
with  space  for  sneceeding  officers. 

The  open  square,  once  commonly  known  as  the  City  Square, 
upon  which  the  City  Hall  is  situated,  was  formerly  jdanted  in 
shade  trees  ; many  of  these  had  decayed  and  were  dying  out, 
and  the  place  had  a neglected  and  sombre  appearance,  when,  in 
1 880,  the  trees,  except  a single  young  magnolia  in  the  centre, 
■were  cleared  away,  and  the  ground  laid  out  in  grass  plats,  wiih 
occasional  flower  beds,  whic  h,  with  smoothly  paved  walks, 
fountains,  and  comfortable  benches,  make  it  a very  attractive 
spot-  By  resolution  of  the  City  Council,  the  name  of  “ Wash- 
ington Square”  was  adopted  on  the  centennial  of  the  surren- 
der at  Yorktown,  October  19,  1783. 

At  the  intersection  of  the  principal  walks  stands  the  statue 
of  William  Pitt,  Earl  of  Chatham,  w hich  has  an  interesting 
history. 

When  the  news  of  the  re])eal  of  the  Stamp  Act  was  received 
in  t harles  Town,  IMay  3rd,  1766,  the  Commons  liouse  of  As- 
sembly, which  was  then  in  session,  filled  with  enthusiastic 
gratitude  to  Mr.  Pitt  for  his  noble  defence  of  their  rights, 
unanimously  resolved  to  procure  a statue,  to  be  erected  in  the 
jirovince  as  a memorial  of  his  great  services.  On  the  31st  of 
Alay,  1770,  the  statue,  made  in  England,  by  Mr  Wilton,  at  a 
cost  of  £1,000  sterling,  was  landed  in  Charleston,  and  fixed 
upon  a pedestal  previously  prepared  for  it,  in  the  square  at 
the  intersection  of  Broad  and  IMeetina;  streets,  surrounded  by 
an  iron  railing.  During  the  siege  of  Charleston,  a cannon  ball 
from  a British  fort  on  James  Island  struck  off  the  right  arm, 
which  was  extended  as  if  in  the  act  of  speaking;  but  it  re- 
mained otherwise  unhurt,  until  after  the  war  it  was  found  to 
interfere  with  travel  through  that  thoroughfare,  and  was 
taken  down  and  laid  in  the  Orphan  House  yard.  In  1808  the 
commissioners  of  the  Orphan  House  obtained  iierinifssion  to 
erect  it  in  their  grounds,  where  it  stood  until  1881,  when,  at 
the  request  of  the  Carolina  Art  Association,  and  by  order  of 
the  City  Council,  it  was  removed  to  its  present  position.  It 
rests  upon  a pedestal  of  red  and  buff  pi-essed  brick,  on  a plain 
base  of  granite.  Into  the  die  of  the  pedestal  ai-e  fitted  two 
panels  of  white  mai'ble  ; that  on  the  front  belonged  to  the  origi- 
nal monument  and  corrtains  an  inscription  dictated  by  the  grate- 
ful sentinrents  of  the  peojjle  of  old  Charles  Toavu.  The  other 
is  inscribed  with  a brief  resume  of  the  history  of  the  statue. 

The  northwest  corner- of  this  square  is  occujried  by  the  Fire- 
proof Building,  a massive  structure  entirely  protected  agaiuSt 
damage  by  fire;  its  most  valuable  corrtents  are  the  r-ecords  of 
the  Mesne  Conveyance  office  and  the  office  of  the  Judge  of 
Probate. 


We  have  already  de.i 'ribed  St.  IMichael’s  Chnrrli,  \vhi(di 
stands  on  tlie  southeast  corner  of  Broad  and  Meeting  streets  ; 
the  southwest  corner  is  occupied  by  the  Main  Station  House, 
a plain,  substantial  building,  with  a colonade  extending  over 
tlie  sidewalk  on  Broad  street;  the  City  Police  are  quartererlin 
it,  and  it  is  also  used  for  the  temporary  confinement  of  pris- 
oners arrested  bv  them. 


Cn.VMBER  OF  CO.M.MERCE, 

It  will  be  interesting  to  notice  here  some  of  the  societi' s 
organized  for  charitable  and  other  purposes. 

As  early  as  1783,  a Chamber  of  Commerce  was  established  i n 
Charleston,  and  the  original  minute  book  is  preserved,  wii  h 
the  rules  adopted  for  its  government  and  the  autograniis  of 
the  founders,  but  there  are  no  further  records  of  its  proceed- 
ings remaining,  and  it  appears  to  have  fallen  into  entire  dis- 
use and  almost  into  oblivion.  In  1823,  combined  action  of 
the  merchants  of  the  city  becoming  nece.ssary  in  (’onsequenc-e 
of  the  action  of  the  Legislature  in  relation  to  certain  taxes, 
etc-,  meetings  were  hehl,  the  result  of  which  was  the  re-estab- 


17 


lishinent  of  the  Chamber,  and  siiiee  that  time  it  has  continued 
a well  organized  body,  and,  especially  in  tlie  past  few  year.-i, 
has  exercised  a very  powerful  induence  on  the  commerce  of 
Charleston  ; many  questions  are  settled  by  it,  wlrich  miglit 
otherwise  lead  to  tedious  litigation  ; valuable  statistical  reports 
are  prepared  and  published,  internal  improvements  are  sug- 
gested and  aided,  and  numerous  other  benefits  are  derived  by 
the  cit}^  from  this  bod}',  which  comprises  among  its  active 
members  the  most  prominent  business  men  in  the  commu- 
nir.y.  The  Chamber  at  present  occupies  the  second  and  third 
doors  of  a handsome  buildingatthe  northwest  corner  ofBroad 
and  East  Bay  streets;  it  ha<  a coniurodious  reading  room, 
supplied  with  the  leading  American  and  foreign  papers  and 
periodicals,  and  club  rooms,  and  restaurant,  for  the  use  of  the 
members.  A court  for  the  arbitration  of  mercantile  disputes 
arising  in  the  port  of  Charleston  is  attached  to  the  Chamber. 

The  South  Carolina  Society  deserves  mention  as  one  of  the 
earliest  benevolent  institutions  in  this  countr,-,  and  one  which 
has  to  the  present  day  continued  its  good  wmrk.  It  originated  in 
the  year  1737,  with  a few  gentlemen,  who  used  to  meet  once  a 
week,  at  a tavern  at  the  northeast  corner  of  Broad  and  Church 
streets  ; each  contributed  a small  sum  ( t\vo  bits,  or  four  half- 
pence) for  charitable  purposes,  and  the  Society  W'as  for  some 
time  known  as  the  Two-Bit  Club.  It  was  incorporated  in 
1751,  under  the  name  of  The  South  Carolina  Society,  and  in- 
creased so  rapidly,  that  in  1770,  it  had  three  hundred  and 
sixty  members,  and  a capital  of  £7,500  sterling. 

The  Society  continued  to  prosper,  and  much  good  was  ef- 
fected by  giving  aid  to  the  needy  families  of  deceased  mem- 
bers, and  educating  their  children.  For  some  years  a school 
was  kept  up  under  iis  auspices,  but  this  was  superseded  by  the 
public  schools  of  the  city.  In  common  with  all  other  institu- 
tions, it  met  with  heavy  losses  in  the  late  war,  but  still  con- 
tinues to  aid  its  pensioners. 

The  hall  of  the  society  is  situated  on  the  east  side  of  Meeting 
street,  a short  distance  south  of  St.  Michael’s  Church.  It  is  a 
suVjstantial  structure  of  two  stories,  on  a high  basement.  The 
second  story  contains  a fine  hall,  on  the  walls  of  which  are 
marble  tablets,  with  the  names  of  persons  who  have  made 
donations  or  bequests  to  the  Society.  On  the  front  of  the 
colonade,  which  extends  over  the  sidewalk,  the  seal  of  the 
Society  is  represented,  consisting  of  a hand  holding  an  olive 
branch,  with  the  legeml  Posteritati.” 

The  St.  Andrew’s  Society,  which  also  expended  a considera- 
ble amount  in  charity,  was  founded  in  1729,  and  is  the  oldest 
society  in  Charleston.  It  had  accumulated  a fund,  and  owned 
a fine  hall  in  Broad  street,  near  the  Cathedral.  This  was  de- 
stroyed in  the  lire  of  December,  1861,  and  the  Society  has  not 
yet  recovered  from  thesevere  losses  sustained  then  and  during 
the  war. 


18 


The  Oerinan  Friendly  Society,  established  in  1760,  and  in- 
corj)Orated  in  1791,  also  uses  its  funds  for  educational  and 
charitable  juiritoses. 

The  first  religious  charitable  Society  in  Aineric'a  was  “The 
Society  for  the  Kelief  of  the  Widows  and  Orphans  of  the 
Clergy  of  the  Protestant  Flinscopal  Clmrch  in  South  Carolina,” 
which  was  established  in  Charleston  in  17(i2,  and  which,  not- 
withstanding the  two  rev'olutions  it  has  passed  through,  con- 
tinues still  the  sipiport  of  many  families  of  clergymen. 


The  Charleston  l.ibrary  Society  was  the  earliest  association 
of  its  kind  in  Charleston,  and  the  third  in  the  United  States. 
It  was  organized  in  1748,  by  seventeen  young  gentlemen,  m Iio 
desired  to  olrtaln  some  of  the  current  literature  from  England. 
They  soon  associated  others  with  them,  and,  after  some  diffi- 
culties, a charter  was  obtained  in  1764,  under  the  name  of 
Charles  Town  Jabrary  Society.  It  increased  in  numbers  and 
wealth,  and  in  spite  of  the  heavy  loss  sustained  by  the  tire  of 
1778,  acquired  an  extiemely  valuable  collection  of  books. 


Cir.UtLESTON  laHR.UiY 


J9 


These  were  kept  at  first  at  the  residence  or  office  of  the  libra- 
rian, and  afterwards  in  the  third  story  of  the  State  House, 
(now  the  Court  House).  In  1835  the  Society  purchased  its 
present  buildinp:,  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Broad  and  Church 
streets.  This  building  was  erected  for  the  South  Carolina 
Bank,  and  was  occupied  Ity  it  for  some  years.  It  is  massively 
built  of  red  brick,  faced  with  white  marble,  and  irresents  a 
square  front  on  Broad  street,  with  wings  extending  from  the 
north-east  and  north-west  corners.  The  number  of  volumes  in 
the  library  was  about  twenty  thousand  in  1860,  and  the  Society 
was  in  a flourishing  condition.  During  the  war  the  greater  part 
of  the  books,  including  the  most  valuable  works,  was  removed 
to  Columbia  for  safety,  but  a considerable  number  were  left  in 
the  building,  and  were  entirely  destroyed.  After  the  war  the 
Society  was  re-organized,  and,  in  1874,  the  ADj'U’entices’  Li- 
brary Society  was  merged  in  it,  bringing  a large  accession  of 
members  and  some  funds.  The  condition  of  the  Society  now 
is  veiy  promising.  In  the  value  of  its  collection  it  ranks  first 
in  the  South,  and  efforts  are  being  made  to  render  it  more 
popular  and  attractive,  by  large  additions  of  current  literature. 

The  buildings  and  associations  which  we  have  described 
belong  to  Charleston  before  the  Eevolution,.and  wddle  it  is 
not  proposed  to  offer  these  descriptions  according  to  an  exact 
chronological  arrangement,  yet  it  is  well  so  to  group  them  as 
to  associate  them  with  the  several  divisions  into  which  the 
histoiw  of  the  city  naturally  falls. 

We  come  now'  to  the  period  of  the  Eevolution  At  this 
time  Charleston  was  in  a very  prosperous  condition — com- 
merce was  flourishing,  and  the  interior  of  the  State  was  gi'adu- 
ally  filling  up  and  forming,  as  it  w’ere,  a background  for  the 
metropolis.  All  fears  from  the  neighboring  Spaniards  and 
Indians  were  removed,  and  peace  reigned  at  home  and 
abroad. 

The  relations  with  the  mother  countiy  w'ere  friendly,  and 
the  people  were  veiy  loyal  to  the  Eritish  Government;  it  was, 
therefore,  from  no  spirit  of  discontent  or  restlessness  that  the 
inhabitants  commenced  their  resistance  to  that  government, 
but  from  a sense  of  the  duty  w'hich  rested  on  them  to  oppose 
what  they  considered  unjust  encroachments  of  their  rights  as 
subjects. 

The  first  open  cause  of  difficulty  occurred,  as  is  well  known, 
on  the  passage  of  the  stamp  act  in  176.5;  the  resistance  of  all 
the  American  Colonies  brought  about  the  repeal  of  this  in  the 
following  year.  In  1767,  taxes  were  laid  on  glass,  paper,  tea, 
and  painters’  colors;  the  colcnists  petitioned  for  their  re- 
moval, and  formed  associations  among  themselves,  pledged 
not  to  import  those  articles.  The  taxes  were  removed,  except 
that  of  threepence  a pound  on  tea,  upon  which  the  colonists 
promptly  bound  them.selves  to  use  no  more  of  it.  In  1773,  the 
famous  tea  affair  occurred ; the  East  India  Company  sent  large 


20 


cargoes  into  the  various  American  ports,  in  hopes  tliat,  as  tJie 
payment  of  tlie  tax  would  not  he  made  direct  to  the  British 
Government,  but  through  them,  it  might  meet  with  a sale, 
hut  the  colonists  perceived  the  evasion,  and  would  have  none 
of  it ; in  Charles  Town  it  W’as  stored  in  cellars,  and  the  con- 
signees were  prohibited  from  otieringit  for  sale. 

On  the  6th  of  Jtdy,  1774,  a large  meeting  was  held  in  fliailes 
Town,  composed  of  persons  from  all  parts  of  tlic  province, 
and  the  action  of  the  Bi'itish  Government,  in  relation  espe- 
cially to  Massachusetts,  was  discussed  and  resolutions  were 
adojited,  looking  to  a cond)ination  of  the  several  colonies  to 
secui-e  tliemselves  against  a continuance  of  such  action.  Henry 
lUiddlcton,  John  Entledge,  Christopher  Gadsden,  Thomas 
I.ynch,  and  Edward  Butledge,  were  appointed  deputies  to 
represent  ihe  province  in  a convention  of  the  colonies.  Tlie 
action  of  that  convention,  and  of  the  subsequent  Congress,  be- 
long to  the  general  history  of  the  country  ; it  is  sufficient  to 
observe  that  the  ];eople  ot  Charleston  and  Carolina,  generally, 
jiromptly  acquiesced  in  it,  and  jirejiared  themselves  for  amiecl 
resistance  to  the  ])Ower  of  Great  Britain.  Active  hostilities 
commenced  in  South  Carolina  on  the  12th  Kovember,  1775, 
when  two  royal  armed  vessels,  the  Tamar  and  the  Cherokee, 
ojjened  fire  on  the  schooner  Defence,  Clajitain  Tufts,  which 
was  engaged  in  protecting  the  sinking  of  hulks  across- Hog 
Island  Channel.  The  Defence  returnecl  the  lire,  but  there  was 
no  loss  on  either  side.  Col.  'William  Moultrie  having  taken 
possession,  with  a small  foi-ce,  of  Haddrell’s  Point,  mounted  a 
few  pieces  of  heavy  artillery  there,  and,  with  a well  directed 
lire,  induced  the  British  vessels  to  put  to  sea. 

The  first  blood  was  shed  in  the  memorable  battle  of  Fort 
Moultrie,  on  the  28ih  of  June,  1776.  On  the  first  of  that 
month  intelligence  was  received  that  a large  British  fleet  w'as 
making  its  way  towards  Charleston,  and  on  the  morning  of 
the  fourth,  the  main  part  ol  this  fleet  came  to  anchor  ju.st  out- 
side of  the  bar.  Pi’ei  arations  were  immediately  commenced 
to  nreet  the  exiiccted  attack. 

About  this  time;  Maj.-Gen.  ('hai'les  Lee  an-ived  in  Chai-les- 
ton,  and  was  invested  by  Gov.  Butledge  with  full  command 
of  all  military  alfairs.  He  was  disposed  to  withdi-aw  all  the 
troops  from  Sullivan’s  Island,  but  both  Gov.  Butledge  and  Moul- 
ti'ie,  who  commanded  the  Island,  dissuaded  him  from  doing 
so.  Fort  Johnson,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  harbor,  was 
occtqned  by  tlie  fii’st  South  Carolina  regular  regiment,  com- 
mamled  by  Col.  Gadsden  ; but  it  was  tlieir  opinion  that  the 
chief  defence  of  the  city  rested  in  Fort  Sullivan,  as  it  was  then 
called.  This  stood  <>p  the  front  beadi  of  Sullivan’s  Island, 
and  commanded  the  main  entrance  to  the  harbor;  it  was  a 
square  structure,  with  a bastion  at  each  angle,  and  was  built 
of  Palmetto  logs,  piled  one  on  another  in  two  lines,  sixteen 
feet  apart,  the  sjrace  between  being  filled  with  sand.  Thei'e 


21 


FORT  AtOULTEIE. 


\va,s  not  sufficient  time  to  carry  out  tlie  plan  of  the  fort,  and 
only  the  wall  on  the  front,  and  the  southeastern  and  part  of 
the  southwestern  sides  were  completed  ; some  temporaiy  de- 
fences, huilt  of  plank,  filled  up  the  unfinished  portions,  hut 
these  were  only  available  against  a land  attack.  The. arma- 
ment consisted'in  all  of  twenty-six  guns  ; nine  twenty-pound- 
ers, three  eighteen-pounders,  and  fourteen  twelve-pounders; 
on  the  southeast  bastion  was  the  plain  blue  flag,  with  white 
crescent,  which  from  that  day  became  so  famous. 

At  the  eastern  end  of  the  Island  breastworks  were  erected, 
and  Col.  William  Thompson  was  in  command.  Ilis  whole 
force  consisted  of  seven  hundred  and  eighty  men,  and  they 
were  provided  with  one  eighteen-pounder  and  a field  piece. 
The  British  land  forces,  three  thousand  men,  under  Maj. -Gen. 
Clinton,  landed  on  Long  Island,  ami  having  fortified  them- 
selves there,  began  preparations  to  cross  Beach  Inlet  and 
attack  Fort  Sullivan  in  the  rear. 

On  the  morning  of  the  2Sth  of  June,  the  fleet,  under  com- 


22 

ninnd  of  Adiiiiial  Sir  Peter  Pai’ker,  and  consisting  of  eight 
vessels,  two  of  them  fifty  gun  sliijis,  crossed  the  bar  and  ad- 
vanceil  towards  the  city  ; at  the  same  time  Sir  Henry  Clinton’s 
forces  made  a demonstration  on  the  eastern  end  of  the  Island, 
but  were  kejit  in  check  by  (.'oh  Thomjison’s  gallant  riflemen. 

Sir  Peter  Parker,  supjiosing  that  the  fort  would  offer  but  a 
slight  resistance,  opened  a sliarp  fire  ujion  it  as  he  passed, 
from  four  of  his  ships.  The  fire  being  as  Ijriskly  returned, 
the  engagement  soon  became  general  and  lasted  from  a little 
before  eleven  in  the  forenoon  to  near  nine  o’clock  at  night, 
when  the  fleet  retired,  having  suffered  terrible  losses  ; three 
of  the  vessels  having^ljeen  sent  round  to  attack  the  fort  on  the 
western  side,  went  aground  on  the  shoal  known  as  the  middle 
ground,  and  one  of  them,  the  Acta'on,  could  not  be  got  off  and 
was  abandoned;  the  others  escaiied  with  severe  losses  ; the 
Admiral’s  ship  was  almost  entirely  destroyed.  The  loss  of  the 
Pritish  was  upwards  of  two  hundred  men  ; that  of  the  Amer- 
icans, was  ten  men  killed  and  twenty  two  wounded.  The 
material  of  which  the  fort  was  composed  favored  the  defend- 
ers ; the  spongy  Palmetto  logs  did  not  splinter  when  struck, 
and,  as  later  experience  has  jiroved,  sand  is  far  superior  to 
masonry  for  resisting  cannon  shot-  A morass  in  the  interior 
of  the  fort  did  good  service  b.y  imtting  out  the  fuses  of  many 
of  the  shells  which  fell  into  it. 

(Jne  «f  the  incidents  of  the  day  was  the  heroic  rescue  by 
Sergeant  Jasper  of  the  dag,  which  was  shot  away  early  in  the 
action.  He  leapt  over  on  the  beach  and  deliberately  restored 
it  to  its  place,  under  the  heaviest  fire  of  the  enemy.  This 
gallant  act  was  dtly  commemorated  a hundred  years  later.  On 
June  28th,  1876,  the  centennial  of  the  battle,  the  Jasper  Mon- 
ument, erected  through  the  effort  of  the  Palmetto  Guard,  one 
of  the  most  active  military  companies  of  Charle-ton.  was  un- 
veiled at  White  Point  Garden.  A sulendid  military  parade, 
in  which  companies  from  Northern  as  well  as  Southern  States 
jiarticipated,  and  imposing  ceremonies,  celebrated  the  occa- 
sion. The  monument  is  placed  in  the  middle  walk  of  White 
Point  Garden,  opposite  the  foot  ol  Church  street.  A bronze 
figure  of  a Continental  soldier,  his  right  hand  jiointing  across 
the  harbor  towards  Fort  Moultrie,  his  left  holding  a dag  dxed 
i n a spionge  staff,  stands  upon  a jiedestal  of  Carolina  granite 
twenty-one  feet  in  height.  The  bronze  die  jilates  and  the 
base  of  this  coniain  approjiriate  inscriptions  and  beautifully 
executed  bas-reliefs  of  the  seal  of  the  State,  the  seal  of  the 
city,  and  a battle  scene,  representing  Jasper  in  the  act  of 
mounting  the  raiipiarts  with  the  rescued  dag. 

The  defense  of  this  fort  w’as  one  of  the  most  gallant  actions 
of  the  whole  war,  and  gained  for  Gen.  Moultrie  the  highest 
reputation  The  fort  was  named,  in  honor  of  him,  Foi  t Moul- 
trie, which  nante  it  still  bears.  The  present  fort  is  built  of 
brick,  on  the  same  site.  It  was  occupied  by  United  States 


troops,  unuer  Major  Anderson,  at  the  time  of  the  secession  of 
Sontli  Carolina,  and  it  was  his  evacuation  of  it  on  the  nialit  of 
tlie  2fith  of  December,  18(i0,  after  having  spiked  the  guns  and 
destro}'ed  tlie  carriages,  and  his  taking  possession  of  Fort 
Sumter,  which  constituted  the  tirst  act  of  hostility  in  the  war 
of  secession. 

When  the  Confederate  troops  occupied  it  they  strengthened 
it  with  a glacis  on  the  tront,  and  with  large  bombproofs  in 
the  interior.  It  was  garrisoned  during  the  greater  part  of  the 
war  by  the  First  liegular  Infantry,  Col  Butler,  and  took  part 
in  all  the  actions  which  occurred  in  Chaideston  harbor. 

Since  the  war  the  United  States  authorities  have  removed 
the  earthworks,  and  the  fort  is  now  unoccupied. 

The  repulse  of  the  British  forces  left  Charleston  in  a slate  of 
comparative  peace,  the  blockade  being  removed,  commerce 
flourished,  and.  notwithstanding  the  terrible  fire  of  the  15th 
January,  1778,  in  which  two  hundred  ami  fifty  dwellings,  be- 
sides stores  and  other  buildings  were  destroyed,  the  city  con- 
tinued to  grow  and  prosper  until  1780,  when  tlie  British  re- 
commenced military  operations  against  it. 

On  the  11th  February,  1780,  a British  army,  under  Sir  Henry 
Clinton,  landed  within  thirty  miles  of  the  city  and  commenced 
to  advance  upon  it.  Clinton  formed  a depot  of  supplies  and 
built  fortifications  at  Wappoo,  on  James’  Island;  on  the  tirst 
of  April  he  crossed  the  Ashley  and  invested  the  city,  at  the 
same  time  his  fleet  crossed  tlie  bar,  and  this  time  passing  Fort 
Moultrie  under  a heavy  tire,  but  without  engaging  it,  sailed 
into  the  harbor. 

The  American  forces  of  le.ss  than  four  thousand  men,  chiefly 
militia,  under  command  of  General  Lincoln,  made  active 
preparations  for  defence ; strong  lines  of  fortifications  were 
thrown  up  across  the  Neck,  and  the  works  on  South  Bay,  and 
other  exposed  parts  of  the  city,  strengthened  and  manneil. 

The  British  advanced  bv  regular  approaches,  keeping  up 
meantime  a heavy  bombardment;  severd  skirmishes  occurred 
between  portions  of  the  two  armies  but  there  was  no  general 
engagement,  and  on  the  12th  of  May,  the  enem}^  liaving  car- 
ried the  outer  works,  prepared  for  a general  assault  by  land 
and  sea,  when  the  garrison,  perceiving  that  further  resistance 
was  useless,  and  having  already  suffered  heavily  from  sickness 
and  want  of  food,  determined  to  capitulate. 

The  British  held  the  city  until  the  14th  of  December,  1782, 
and  under  their  harsh  rule  the  inhabitants  had  to  endure 
many  privations  and  indignities. 

It  was  during  this  time  that  the  execution  of  Colonel  Isaac 
Hayne  took  place.  Colonel  Hayne  was  a planter  of  good  family 
and  high  character.  He  had  commanded  a troop  of  horse 
during  the  war,  but  on  the  fall  of  Charleston,  this  was  dis- 
bandeil,  and  he  retired  with  his  family  to  his  plantation  ; a 
short  time  afterwards,  he  was,  on  some  pretence,  induced  to 


24 


RO  to  Charleston,  where  he  was  Feized  and  imjirisoned,  until, 
in  order  to  return  to  his  dj-inp  wile,  he  consented,  under  pro- 
test, to  take  the  oatli  of  submission  to  the  Brilisli  authority; 
he  had  scarcely  reached  his  home  w'hen  a demand  was  macle 
upon  him  to  take  up  arms  against  his  country.  Conceiving 
that  the  contract  had  been  violated,  he  made  his  escajie  and 
joined  the  American  forces  in  the  neighborliood.  He  was 
captured,  and  after  a rigorous  confinement  for  several  months, 
in  one  of  the  rooms  of  the  Exchange  Building,  on  the  11th  of 
August  1781,  he  was  taken  thence  to  the  place  of  execution, 
attended  by  an  immense  concourse  of  citizens,  who  had  plead 
in  vain  for  his  release. 

The  indignation  felt  in  the  American  army  at  this  outrage 
was  so  great,  that  tlie  cllicers  addressed  a memorial  to  General 
Greene,  recommending  immediate  measures  of  retaliation, 
thereby  exposing  themselves  to  a similar  fate  in  case  of 
capture- 

The  occupaticn  of  the  city  by  the  British  lasted,  as  we  have 
said,  until  December,  1782.  At  that  time  the  commander, 
General  Leslie,  having  levelled  the  walls  of  the  town  and  of 
Fort  Johnson,  notified  General  Greene  of  the  intended  evacu- 
ation ; and  an  arrangement  w'as  made  for  the  American  troops 
to  enter  tlie  town  as  the  Bi'itish  lett  it,  both  parties  jiledging 
themselves  to  abstain  I'rom  any  hostile  demonstrations. 

On  the  morning  of  the  14th  of  December  the  march  com- 
menced : the  Americans  following  the  British  at  a distance  of 
two  hundred  yards  down  the  King  street  road  until  they  were 
within  the  lines,  when  the  British  filed  < ff  to  the  left,  to 
Gad.'-'den’s  wharf,  w here  they  embarked  in  boats  whit'h  w ere 
waiting  to  take  tliem  to  the  fleet.  The  following  day  the  fleet 
left  the  harbor. 

As  may  be  sujiposed,  great  rejoicings  followed  this  event, 
and  a new  era  of  prosjicrity  opened  for  the  city.  8o  far  as 
Gharleston  was  com  eined,  the  war  was  virtually  ended,  and 
the  general  peace  which  was  made  soon  after  removed  all 
further  diflicultie.s. 

DE.SCEirTION  OF  BUILDINGS,  ETC. 

AVith  the  return  of  peace  the  citizens  of  Charle.ston,  under 
w’hich  name  the  citj'  was  incorporated  1783,  were  enabled  to 
resume  the  exercise  of  that  imblic  sjtirit  which  they  had  pre- 
viously disiJayed,  and  we  find  them  soon  establishing  chari- 
table institutions  and  erecting  buildings  to  be  pjermanent 
ornaments  and  improvements  to  the  city. 

And  first  and  noblest  among  these  institutions  stands 

THE  CHAELESTON  ORPHAN  HOUSE. 

The  Act  of  Incorporation  just  referred  toimpo.sed  upon  the 
City  the  care  of  providing  for  the  poor  and  maintaining  and 
educating  poor  orphan  children.  In  accordance  with  this  A^t, 


25 


CHARI.ESTON  ORriIAN  HOUSE. 


commissioners  of  the  poor  were  appointed,  and  a mindjer  of 
orphan  children  were  supported,  by  boarding  tliem  out  in 
private  houses,  and  were  educated  at  the  expense  of  the  city. 

In  1790,  the  Cit)'  Council  passed  an  Ordinance  for  the  erec- 
tion of  an  Orphan  House,  and  the  vacant  lands  between 
Boundary  (now  Calhoun)  street  and  Yanderhorst  street  were- 
appro|)riated  to  the  purpose.  On  the  12tli  of  November,  1792,. 
the  corner-stone  of  the  building  was  laid  by  John  Huger,  Esq.,. 
Intendant  oi  the  City  ; atid  on  the  18th  of'October,  1794,  with 
approi»riate  religious  services,  one  hundred  and  fifteen  orphan 
childien  were  introduced  into  it. 

In  1853,  the  Commissioners  presented  a memorial  to  Coun- 
cil, recommending  the  repair  and  enlargement  of  the  build- 
ing; and,  this  being  adopted,  Messrs.  Jones  & Lee,  Architects, 
were  charged  with  the  work,  which  they  completed  shortly 
before  the  celebration  of  the  sixty-si.xth  anniversary,  October 
18th,  1855. 

The  building  as  it  now  stands  is  in  the  Italian  style  ; is  two 
hundred  and  thirty-si.x  feet  long  by  seventy-six  feet  wide, 
with  an  extension  in  the  reai-  ninety  feet  long  by  thirty-one 
feet  wide.  The  main  building  is  five  stories  high,  divided  in 
the  front  in  three  sections,  the  central  portion  being  sur- 
mounted by  a pediment  and  having  an  Italian  portico  pro- 
jecting in  front.  The  building  is  covered  by  a Mansard 
roof,  and  above  the  central  section  of  the  front  is  the  belfry, 
in  which  is  hung  one  of  the  city  alarm  hells ; on  the  belfry  is*  a 
figure  of  Charity.  The  whole  height  is  one  hundred  and  forty- 
six  feet  from  the  ground.  It  is  divided  into  spacious  and  airy 
rooms,  adapted  to  the  various  2'equiremeuts  of  the  inmates, 
and  is  surnjunded  by  extensive  grounds,  well  laid  out,  and 
protected  by  a high  brick  wall.  In  the  northern  part  of  the 
gi’ounds  is  a handsome  chapel,  in  which  services  are  held 
every  Sunday  by  some  one  of  the  city  clergymen. 

The  institution  is  complete  in  every  detail,  and  is  Charles- 
ton’s grandest  charitable  work. 

The  lives  of  hundreds  of  citizens,  some  of  whom  have  risen, 
to  eminence  in  the  nation,  as  well  as  in  their  own  State,  attest 
its  practical  value. 

The  College  of  Charleston  was  chartered  in  1785,  but  noth- 
ing Was  done  towards  its  establishment  except  to  collect  some- 
funds,  until  the  Eev.  Dr.  Smith,  afterwards  first  Bishop  of  the 
Protestant  Ei>iscopal  Church  in  South  Carolina,  oftered  to 
transfer  the  scholars  of  his  academy  to  it.  This  offer  was  ac- 
cepted, and  a ]iortion  of  the  old  brick  barracks  was  fitted  up, 
and  possession  taken  in  1791  ; three  years  later  the  first  com- 
mencement was  held,  and  six  young  men  graduated,  among, 
them  the  late  Bishop  Bowen- 

The  college  declined  after  this,  however,  and  only  a gram- 
mar school  was  maintained  in  the  building  fu-  many  years. 
.At  length  an  effort  was  made  to  I’eorganize  and  improve  it. 


27 


COLLEGE  OF  CHAKLESTOX. 


niii'jii;;. iMiiPBgiTii'W.iair 


iind  this  being  liberally  su])ported,  a full  collegiate  course  was 
adopted,  witli  a grammar  school  attached,  and  the  first  com- 
mencement under  the  new  organization  was  held  in  October, 
1826.  In  1837,  an  arrangement  was  made,  by  which  the  proj)- 
■erty  of  the  college  was  transferred  to  the  city,  in  trust  for  the 
re-establishment  and  maintenance  of  the  institution  on  an 
improved  plan.  The  college  occujues  the  square  bounded  by 
George,  Green,  College,  and  St.  I’hilip  streets;  it  consists  of 
a square,  central  building,  fronting  south  on  the  campus,  with 
extensive  wings  on  the  east  and  west ; it  is  two  stories,  on  a 
basement;  the  first  story  contains  in  the  central  building,  the 
chapel,  and  in  the  wings,  tlie  recitation  rooms ; the  second 
story  is  almost  entire!}'  occupied  by  the  museum  of  natural 
history,  a large  and  well  arranged  collection,  gathered  from  all 
parts  of  the  world,  but  specially  intere.sting  froni  the  large 
number  of  specimens  characteristic  of  South  Carolina  and  the 
adjoining  States. 

The  college  library  is  in  a small  building  of  ornamental 
construction,  in  the  western  part  of  the  camiuis  It  has  be- 
tween five  and  six  thousand  volumes,  of  which  two  thousand 
were  presented,  in  18.13,  bv  T)r.  L.  A.  Frampton,  the  present 


28 


librarian  ; abont  twenty-five  humlred  more  were  bequeathed 
by  the  late  Jady:e  King. 

jnCUrCAL  COLLEGE  OE  THE  SPATE  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Tliis  institution  is  located  on  the  corner  of  Queen  and  Frank- 
lin streets,  oci'unying  a part  of  the  square  with  the  Roper 
llos|iital,  City  Ilos])ital,  and  County  .lad.  It  is  one  of  the 
oldest  medical  schools  at  the  South,  and  its  very  numerous 
alumni  are  scattered  through  the  Southern  States,  many  of 
them  occupying  the  highest  jiositions;  some  of  them  occupy 
piofessional  chairs  in  the  best  Northern  colleges;  and  some, 
like  the  late  Dr  ,1.  iUarion  Sims,  and  Prof.  T.  Gaillard  Thomas, 
of  New  York,  have  acquired  a wide-spread  reputation. 

The  (-barter  of  this  College  was  obtained  in  1832,  but  many 
of  tin'  original  faculty,  among  whom  we  may  mention  Drs. 
S.  11.  Dickson  and  J.  E.  Holbrook,  as  specially  distinguished, 
had  been  earlier  engaged  in  teaching  in  another  school,  or- 
ganized in  1822,  by  the  IMedical  Society  of  South  Carolina. 
This  latter  school  was  short  lived,  and,  since  its  suspension, 
the  present  < ollege  has  been  the  only  regularly  chartereil 
IMeilical  College  In  the  State  Its  career  had  been  remarkably 
succe.ssful,  until  the  late  war  so  crip[)led  the  resources  of  the 
South  as  seriously  to  affei  t all  institutions  of  learning.  In 
common  with  the  grad.iid  improvement  of  the  Southern 
countr\-,  the  success  of  the  College,  under  the  new  regime,  is 
ycai-  by  year  becoming  more  assured.  The  present  faculty 
have  done  all  in  their  power  to  meet  the  exigencies  of  the 
times,  and  to  maintain  the  former  prestige  of  the  old  institu- 
tion. The  fees  for  tuition  have  been  made  almost  nominal, 
tbe  idea  Iieing  sinqily  to  pay  tlie  expenses  of  the  school, 
without  regard  to  the  personal  benefit  to  the  teachers.  This 
])lan,  which  is  considered  only  a temporary  one,  has  been 
Idghly  recommended  by  the  Trustees  and  most  of  the  old 
friends  and  Alumni  of  the  College. 

Connected  with  the  Medical  College,  or  rather  more  imme- 
diately with  the  M' dical  Society,  is  the  Rojier  Hospital,  which 
stands  at  the  corner  of  Queen  and  Mazyck  streets.  This  noble 
institution  was  founded  through  the  liberality  of  Mr.  Thomas 
Roper,  whose  name  it  bears.  In  1851,  he  bequeathed  real 
estate  to  the  value  of  fifty  thousand  dollars  for  this  purpose, 
the  city  of  Charleston  gave  twenty  thousand  dollars,  and  the 
lot  on  which  tlie  Hospital  stands;  and  in  1857  the  State 
Legislature  gave  ten  thousand  dollars  to  complete  the  building, 
which  was  finished  the  following  year.  After  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Hospital,  Mrs.  Kohn  also  made  a large  bequest 
to  i t. 

The  building  is  very  handsome,  ami  well  arranged.  The 
central  ])orti(.in  has,  on  the  first  floor,  offices  for  tbe  physicians 
and  others  connected  with  the  institution,  on  the  second,  the 


29 


EOI'ER  HOSPITAL. 


library  of  the  IMediial  Society,  and  on  tlie  third,  a larce  ain- 
I'liitlieatre,  i)rovidcil  frn-  clinical  lectines,  for  the  medical  stu- 
dents; the  east  and  west  wimis  <-rmtain  spacious  and  well  ven- 
tilateil  wards,  witli  hmad  [liaz/.as  to  the  south.  In  front  is  a 
tastefully  laid  out  garden,  which  adds  to  its  attractive  aiipear- 
ance. 

The  Hospital  was  under  control  of  the  Medical  Society,  who 
at'i)ointe<l  all  the  otlii-ers  and  superiutcn(U‘<l  the  conduct  of 
the  institution,  hut  in  consequence  of  the  losses  sustained  in 
the  war,  the  funds  are  now  ]iut  out  at  interest  to  accumulate, 
and  the  huildin?  is  underlease  to  the  city  as  a general  hosiiital. 

In  our  eat  lv  plan  of  Charles  Town,  we  liiul  in  a conspicuors 
place  the  “Indeiiendeiit  Church.”  This  was  e.stahlished  hv 
Presbyterians,  Congregationalists,  and  a fmv  of  the  Fretn  h 
Protestant  Kefugces.  It  afterwards  became  the  Congregation- 
alist  Church.  Tlie  origiiral  Hiurdi  was  a small  wooden  build- 
ing, which  being  reuuiilelled  and  (‘niarged  and  jiainted  w hite, 
was  generally  known  as  the  “White  IMeetiug  House,”  ami 
jirohahly  gave  its  name  to  Meeting  street.  On  the  same  site 
the  Circular  Church  was  built  in  Iklil  ; it.  was  curiously  con- 
structed, consisting  of  a I'utuiuJa  eighty-eight  feet  in  diameter, 


30 


siirinoiimeil  Ijy  a dome.  On  the  western  face  was  a stjuare 
lii'ojection  wliich  su]>ported  the  steejde,  and,  in  front  of  tins 
a portico  of  six  columns,  surnionnted  by  a pediment,  formed 
the  facade  of  the  bnilding.  The  cemetery  extends  back  to- 
that  of  St.  Philip’s  Church.  The  church  was  destroyed  by  the- 
tire  of  1861,  ami  only  the  picturesque  ruins  now'  occupy 'lie- 
site.  The  congregation  have  erected  a small  chajvd  on  the 
lot,  in  which  services  are  held. 

Adjoining  the  Circular  Church  stood  a building  wiii-'h  was 
the  scene  of,  perhaps,  the  most  important  event  in  the  histovy 
of  South  Carolina  ; this  was  the  Institute  Hall,  moi’e  hdelj 
known  as  Secession  Hall.  It  was  the  property  of  tlic  South 
Carolina  Institute,  an  association  for  the  jiromotioit  of  ihe 
industrial  arts  in  the  State,  and  was  completed  in  1854.  The- 
first  floor  was  occupied  by  stores  and  olfices,  and  the  seco!,d 
contained  an  elegant  and  S])acious  hall,  capable  of  l-  jiding 
twenty-five  hundred  persons;  in  it  the  annual  I'airsoftlu- 
Institute  were  held,  and  it  was  used  for  any  specially  large 
meetings.  The  National  Democratic  Convention,  whidi  met 
in  Chail  ston,  in  April,  1860,  held  its  meetings  there  , ':ut,  the 
grand  event  which  took  place  within  its  walls,  was  llie  raiili- 
cation  of  the  Ordinance  of  Secession.  The  State  Co.ivention 
held  its  meetings  in  St.  Andrew’s  Hall,  Broad  street,  until  the- 
adoption  of  the  Ordinance  of  Sece.ssion,  on  the  20tii  of  De- 
cember, 1860,  when  it  was  resolved  to  adjourn  to  Institute 
Hall  for  the  ])urpose  of  ratifying.  At  6 P.  M.,  on  that  dav,  the 
Convention  moved  in  pu’oeession  from  St.  Andrew’s  to  the 
Institute  Hall,  where,  afhr  jirayer  by  the  Kev.  John  Bach- 
man, D.  D.,  the  Ordinance  was  most  solemnly  ratified,  receiv- 
ing tlie  signature  of  every  member  of  the  Convention.  -\t  the- 
conclusion  of  the  signing,  the  President  of  the  Convention, 
Hon.  D.  F.  Jandson,  e.xhibited  the  iiandiment  to  the  meeting, 
announcing  that  the  Ordinance  of  Secession  had  been  sigm  J 
and  ratified.  He  therefore  proclaimeil  the  State  ot'  Sntitii 
Carolina  an  Independent  Commonwealth.  On  this  announce- 
ment, the  whole  audience  rose  and  gave  vent  to  their  enthtt- 
siastn  by  prolonged  cheers  accompanied  by  the  waving  oi' hats 
and  handkerchiefs.  The  occasion  was  celebrated  in  the  eve- 
ning by  a general  illumination  and  bonfires  in  the  principal 
streets,  and  the  jiarading  of  citizens  with  bands  of  music. 
This  building,  also,  perished  in  the  great  fire,  and  its  loss  was 
deeply  felt,  as  well  for  the  associations  connected  tvidi  if  as- 
for  its  intrinsic  value. 

In  the  year  1731 , the  strict  Presbyterians,  among  the  con- 
gregation of  the  Independent  Church  above  described,  left  it 
and  established  a Church  for  themselves  on  the  model  of  lln 
Church  of  Scotland,  and  erected  a building  at  the  sout'iv.  est 
corner  of  Sleeting  and  Tradd  streets.  The  pi’esent  Fir.si;  Pres- 
byterian or  Scotch  Church  was  built  on  the  same  site  and  was- 
completed  in  1814.  It  exhibits  a fine  front,  compo-ed  of  a 


xciiessed  iiortico  of  four  columns,  flanked  by  two  towers,  sur- 
mounted by  cupolas.  The  interior  is  sjiacious  and  well  ■ 
finished. 


Fi. inn’s  nu'Kcii. 

I'lie  Second  Presbyterian  Churcb,  commonly  known  as 
I'bnn’s  Church,  from  the  name  of  its  first  pastor,  Kev.  Dr. 
Flinn,  was  built  in  1811,  the  number  of  Presbyterians  in  the 
city  having  increased  so  much  as  to  rerpiire  more  room.  It 
stands  at  the  corner  of  Charlotte  and  Elizabeth  streets,  on  the 
’lighest  spot  in  the  city,  and  forms  a very  conspicuous  land- 
mark. It  is  of  the  temple  form,  and  with  its  lofty  jjortico, 
jiroduces  a fine  effect.  Behind  this  portico  rises  a tower,  in- 
ten  led  as  the  foundation  of  a steeple.  The  steeple  has  never 
been  completed,  but  the  height  of  the  ground,  as  well  as  the 
great  size  of  the  Church  itself,  makes  it  visible  at  a great 
.listance. 

I'he  cemetery  surrounds  the  Chunli  on  three  sides,  the 
.'•i-.riem  front  opening  on  a fine  square,  planted  with  grass  and 
scale  trees,  and  extending  to  Meeting  street. 

The  Westminster  (Third)  Presbyterian  Church  stands  on  the 
western  side  of  Meeting  street,  a short  distance  above  Society 
street;  it  is  remarkable  for  the  perfection  of  its  architecture, 
having  an  elegant  portico  of  pure  Corinthian  style,  and  the 


rest  of  the  bnil(lin<>'  correspoiKlino- in  symmetry  and  corre  t- 
ness.  It  is  witliout  a steeple  or  other  modern  emheldshment. 

'We  have  already  referred  to  the  early  estahiishment  of  the 
I’laptists  in  Charleston  'I'lie  site  of  their  orifiinal  bnildin;j: 
( n the  west  side  of  Church  street,  a little  above  Water,  is  now 
occupied  by  the  First  Baptist  Church,  a building  we  1 worth 
notice  from  its  simple,  but  imposing  architecture. 


(.JT.VDEL  SQUARE  BAPTIST  CHURCH. 

The  Citadel  Square  Eajitist  Cliurch  sprung  from  this.  The 
idea  of  establishing,  it  originated,  in  18.34,  with  Messrs.  B.  C 
I'res  ley  and  C.  L.  Burckmeyer,  who,  after  consultitiou  with 
Itev-  .1.  P.  Boyce,  formerly  of  the  First  Cliurch,  but  then  of 
Columbia,  made  knovfn  their  design,  and  were  promptly 
joined  by  a number  of  friends.  A subscription  w’as  opened 
and  was  liberally  tilled  up,  more  than  one-half  of  the  amount 
necessary  for  the  building  being  subscribed  by  the  lieirs  of  the 
estate  of  3Ir.  Ker  Boyce-  A lot  was  procured  at  the  corner  of 
Meeting  and  Henrietta  streets,  and  work  commenced  on  the 
building,  which  was  rapidly  completed,  and  was  dedicated  on 
the  23d  of  November,  18.5U. 


The  members  of  the  ’\\'entworth  Street  Church  soon  after 
joined  tliemselves  to  the  conaregatiou. 

The  style  of  tlie  building  is  Norman.  Its  extreme  dimensions 
are  eighty  feet  on  Meeiing  street,  and  one  hundred  and  forty- 
five  feet  on  Henrietta  street ; the  side  walls  are  forty  feet  high, 
and  the  west  or  front  wall  seventy  feet  to  the  point  ot  tiie 
gable.  The  interior  will  accommodate  one  thousand  persons. 
The  tower  is  located  at  the  north-west  corner  of  the  main 
building.  It  is  square,  sujiported  by  buttresses  at  the  angles, 
and,  with  the  sjfire.  is  two  liundred  and  twent\'  feet  high.  The 
whole  building  2>rescnts  an  elegant  and  impressive  ai^pear- 
ance. 


BETHEL  CHURCH. 

The  Methodist  Church  was  organized  in  America  in  17S4; 
the  denomination  tlourished  in  Charleston,  and  now  has 
several  churches,  with  large  congregations,  in  the  city.  Bethel 
Church,  the  Second  Methodist,  is  situated  on  the  South  side  of 
Calhoun  street,  near  Pitt.  It  is  a large  brick  building,  I'ough- 
cast,  with  a fine  jiortico  in  front,  and  surrounded  by  an  exten- 

9 


34 


sive  yard.  It  it  one  of  the  largestand  best  attended  Methodist 
churches  in  Charleston.  The  old  wooden  church  that  preceded 
the  present  building,  and  was  erected  about  1800,  lias  been 
removed  to  the  rear,  and  is  occupied  by  a numerous  colored 
congregation. 

St.  Mary’s  Church,  situated  on  the  South  side  of  Hasel  street, 
between  King  and  Meeting  streets,  was  the  first  Roman  Catho- 
lic church  in  Charleston,  andrsince  the  burning  of  St  Finbar’s, 
is  the  largest;  it  is  an  unpretending  building,  but  is  neatly 
finished  inside,  and  the  altar  is  richly  decorated. 

ST.  FlXB.in’s  C.ATHEUR.IL. 

The  ruins  of  this  beautiful  building  stand  on  a lot  which 
was  once  the  old  Vaux-Hall  Garden,  at  the  North-east  corner 
of  Broad  and  Friend  streets.  'I  he  cathedral  was  built  on  the- 
site  of  tlie  old  St.  Finbar’s,  a wooden  building  ; the  corner- 
stone was  laid  in  1852,  and  it  was  dedicated  in  April,  1854.  It 
was  of  brown  freestone  and  was  the  most  beautiful  church 
edifice  in  the  city.  The  height  to  the  top  of  the  cross  was  two- 
hundred  and  eighteen  and  a half  feet ; the  exterior  dimensions 
were,  from  front  to  rear  of  vestry,  one  hundred  and  ninety- 
four  feet:  height  to  roof  ridge  of  the  rear,  seventy -seven  feet; 
width, seventy-three  feet.  The  building  cost,  when  completed, 
$106,000,  and  was  complete  in  every  respect;  the  interior  was- 
very  highly  ornamented,  the  windows  all  of  stained  glass,  and 
the  decorations  of  the  altar  elaborate  and  tasteful.  It  was 
destroyed  by  the  tire  of  December,  1861.  A few  years  later, 
when  time  had  somewhat  softened  the  efi'ects  of  the  fire,  its 
ruins  presented  a most  beautiful  picture.  A considerable  part 
of  the  gracetul  steeple  remained,  but  this  was  thought  to  be 
dangerous,  and  most  of  it  was  taken  don  n.* 

The  Unitarian  Church  was  originally  an  offshoot  of  the  old 
Independent  Church,  and  remained  connected  with  it  until 
the  year  1817.  The  congregation  adopted  the  Unitarian  doc- 
trines about  the  year  1819.  The  first  building  on  the  site  of 
the  present  one,  on  the  east  side  of  Archdale  street,  a short 
way  above  Queen  street,  was  begun  just  before  the  revolution , 
and  was  finished  shortly  after  that  war. 

The  new  building  was  erected  on  the  foundation  of  the  old 
one,  and  was  dedicated  on  the  2d  of  April,  1864.  It  is  the  most 
perfect  piece  of  architecture  of  its  kind,  in  the  city.  The  style 
is  the  “Perpendicular,”  the  latest  and  richest  of  all  the  styles  of 
Gothic  architecture.  Every  part  of  the  building,  exterior  and 
interior,  is  compdete  ; the  ceiling  of  the  nave  is  that  peculiar 
Gothic  work,  styled  “fan  tracery,”  and  is  exquisitely  rich  and 
beautiful.  The  great  window  in  the  rear  of  the  church  is  in 

*Mr.  Jolui  McKeegan.  who  died  in  1S81,  left  a large  sum  to  be  applied 
to  the  rebuilding  of  the  Cathedral,  but  his  will  has  been  contested 
and  it  is  not  yet  decided  whether  or  not  the  money  will  be  received; 
for  this  purpose. 


the  richest  style  of  design  and  linish,  and  is  filled  with  figures 
of  emblematic  character. 

St.  John’s  Lutheran  C’hureh,  -which  stands  immediately 
north  of  tills,  is  in  marked  contrast,  being  of  perfectly  simple 
design. 


SYNAGOGUE. 


A Hebrew  congregation  existed  in  Charleston  as  early  as 
1750 ; in  1795  they  purchased  the  site  of  their  present  Syna- 
gogue on  the  North  side  of  Hasel  street,  between  King  and 
Meeting  streets.  The  Synagogue  is  a brown  stone  building,  in 
the  Athenian  style,  very  handsomely  built,  but  lacking  the 
proper  situation  to  show  it  ofl'  to  advantage. 

We  turn  from  the  description  of  the  buildings  which  illus- 
trate the  growth  and  progress  of  the  city,  to  notice  certain 
events  which  exhibited  the  characteristics  of  the  people  and 
affected  their  action  on  subsequent  occasions. 

The  Mexican  war  afforded  an  opportunity  for  the  military 
spirit  of  the  younger  portion  of  the  community  of  Charleston, 
and  of  the  re'st  of  the  State,  to  manifest  itself.  On  its  breaking 


3B 


out.,  in  1847,  the  famous  Palmetto  Eegiment  was  organized.. 
This  splendid  body  of  men  was  composed  of  the  very  best, 
material  of  the  State,  and  Charleston  was  largely  represented 
in  it.  The  regiment  was  in  nearly  every  action  of  the  war, 
and  distinguished  itself  always  ; whether  in  battle  or  in  severe 
marches  and  arduous  duties,  it  was  second  to  none  in  courage 
and  endurance.  It  was  the  flag  of  the  Palmetto  Regiment 
that  was  lir.st  jilanted  on  the  walls  of  the  conquered  city  of 
Mexico.  But  it  jiaid  the  penalty  of  its  gallantry  by  terrible 
losses.  Colonel  Butler,  the  commander,  was  killed  while- 
heading a charge;  Lieutenant-Colonel  Dickinson,  who  suc- 
ceeded to  the  command,  perished  in  like  manner;  scarcely 
three  hundred  men  out  of  near  twelve  hundred  i-eturned  to- 
Carolina.  They  were  received  with  enthusiasm  everywhere,, 
and  the  State  awarded  a medal  to  each  of  them.  A very^ 
beautiful  monument  was  erected  to  tbe  dead,  consisting  of  a 
perfect  representation  of  a Palmetto  tree  in  iron,  upon  a pe- 
destal, on  which  were  engraved  in  letters  of  brass  the  names 
of  those  M’ho  had  fallen.  This  has  been  placed  in  the 
grounds  of  the  new  State,  Blouse  at  Columbia. 

Many  of  the  survivors  of  the  Palmetto  Regiment  were  in 
the  field,  in  the  war  of  secession,  and  added  to  the  laurels  they 
had  already  gained  ; several  rose  to  distinguished  po.sitions. 

For  many  years  after  the  Revolution,  Cliarleston  continued 
in  a profoundly  peaceful  condition;  the  war  with  Great  Britain 
of  1812,  did  not  seriously  atfect  her;  naturally  there  were  oc- 
casional stoppages  of  trade,  and  threats  of  attack,  but  nothing 
came  of  these  beyond  exciting  in  the  people  that  prompt  spirit 
of  resistance  to  force,  whicli  they  have  alwa}'s  exhibited. 

This  happy  condition  of  atfairs  continued  unbroken  until 
the  celebiated  IShillification  excitement,  which  threatened  ihe- 
country  at  large,  with  the  contest  which  actually  occurred  in 
1860,  and  in  South  Carolina,  particularlj^  in  Charleston,  caused 
the  formation  of  jmrties  which  remained  in  opposition  up  to- 
that  time.  The  various  questions  involved  in  this  matter  can- 
not be  treated  ifi  our  space;  the  main  issue  was  upon  the 
right  of  a State  to  nullify,  to  declare  unconstitutional  and  void,, 
an  Act  of  Congress. 

South  Carolina  took  the  lead  in  this,  as  she  has  done  on 
many  occasions,  in  the  history  of  the  country.  Mr.  Calhoun 
was  the  great  leader,  along  with  Gen.  Robt.  Y.  Hayne,  and 
other  eminent  men,  while  the  opposition  numbered  in  its 
ranks  such  men  as  Mr.  Legare,  Judge  Huger,  Mr.  Petigru,  and 
others.  X contest  in  regard  to  such  grave  matters,  and  with 
such  men  arrayed  on  each  side,  could  not  fail  to  awaken  the 
interest  and  enthusiasm  of  every  citizen. 

The  tariff  laws  proposed  in  Congress  were,  in  the  opinion  of 
man}’'  Southern  statesmen,  directly  inimical  to  the  interests  of 
the  Southern  States.  For  several  years  the  question  wa.s 
agitated.  In  1827,  Mr.  Calhoun  published  his  views.  On  the 


37 


fourth  of  July,  1831,  addresses  were  made  by  the  leaders  of 
-eai'h  side,  wiiich  drew  the  party  lines  distinctly,  and  on  the 
23d  of  November,  1832,  the  General  Assembly  called  a Con- 
vention. I'his  Convention,  with  Governor  Hamilton  at  its 
head,  by  a very  large  majority,  passed  the ’Nullification  Ordi- 
nance, ignoring  certain  acts  of  Congress. 

On  the  10th  of  Decemher,  the  President  of  the  United 
States,  Andrew  Jackson,  published  a proclamation  denouncing 
the  Ordinance.  Thus  the  State  and  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment were  openly  at  issue,  and,  as  may  rradily  be  imagined, 
the  feelings  of  all  parties  were  wrought  up  to  the  highest  pitch. 
Mr.  Clay’s  compromise  bill,  however,  introduced  the  following 
February,  and  the  arrival  of  a commissioner  from  Virginia  to 
promote  an  adjustment,  tended  to  allay  the  excitement,  and 
on  the  15th  of  March,  1833,  the  Nullification  Ordinance  was 
revoked  and  quiet  re.stored.  But  at  no  period  in  the  history 
•of  the  State  have  politics  assumed  such  a violent  and  personal 
aspect  as  at  this.  The  community  was  divided  against  itself, 
•and  it  seemed  scarcely  possible  to  avert  a violent  contest  among 
its  members. 

The  secession  movement  involved  far  more  important 
issues,  and  the  enthusiasm  was  greater  and  more  general ; but, 
although  at  that  time  there  were  some  eminent  men  who  were 
■opposed  to  secession,  the  majority  in  favor  of  it  was  so  over- 
whelmingly lai’ge,  that  their  opposition  never  took  shape,  and 
in  fact,  they  generally  yielded  to  tlie  manliest  spirit  of  the 
people  and  cast  in  their  lot  with  tliem;  hence,  the  action  of 
the  State  miglit  justly  b-?  called  unanimous.  On  the  question 
■of  Nullification,  views  were  divided,  and  it  was  not  uncommon 
for  members  of  the  same  household  to  be  directly  opposed  to 
each  other. 

On  the  31st  of  March,  18-50,  South  Carolina  was  called  to 
mourn  the  loss  of  her  greatest  statesman,  Hon.  John  C.  Calhoun, 
wlio  died  in  the  very  midst  of  this  work,  as  Senator  in  Wash- 
ington. He  was  hurled,  as  we  have  already  mentioned,  in  the 
cemetery  of  St.  Philip’s  Church,  and  his  funeral  was  the  most 
impressive  sight  of  its  kind  ever  witnessed  in  Charleston.  On 
the  26th  of  Apiil,  the  remains,  inclosed  in  an  iron  coffin, 
reached  Charleston  in  charge  of  committees  of  the  United 
States  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  and  of  several  of 
the  States;  they  were  taken  in  a magnificent  funeral  car,  with 
a large  escort,  to  the  Citadel,  the  entire  front  of  which  was 
<lraped  in  mourning;  there  tliey  were  received  from  the  Sen- 
ate committee  by  Hon  T.  Leger  Hutchinson.  Mayor  of  the 
city.  A procession  was  then  fmmed,  comprising  every  mili- 
tary and  civic  organization  in  the  city,  besides  the  seamen, 
children  of  the  schools,  and  hundreds  of  citizens  of  this  and 
the  adjoining  States,  on  foot  and  on  horseback,  and  moved 
through  the  principal  streets  to  the  City  Hall,  wliei-e  tiie  re- 
mains were  placed  in  a splendid  catafalque,  prepared  for  their 


38 


reception.  Here  the  body  lay  in  state  until  the  next  day, 
under  the  special  charge  of  an  honorary  guard  of  two  hundred 
citizens.  During  the  day  thousands  of  citizens  and  strangers 
repaired  to  the  City  Hall  to  pay  their  tribute  of  respect  to  rhe 
illustrious  dead.  The  most  perfect  oi'der  and  decorum  pre- 
vailed ; the  stream  of  visitors  entered  the  main  doors,  ascended 
the  catafahpie,  and  after  gazing  silently  on  the  sarcophagus, 
retired  through  the  passage  in  the  rear. 

The  coffin  and  sarcophagus  enclosing  it  were  covered  with 
flowers,  the  offerings  of  the  ladies  of  the  city. 

The  next  da}^  the  body  was  removed,  with  a civic  procession, 
to  St.  Philip’s  Church,  where  the  burial  services  were  read  by 
the  Right  Kev.  Dr.  Gailsden,  Bishop  of  the  Diocese,  and  a 
funeral  discourse  preached  by  the  Rev.  James  W.  Miles.  It 
was  then  borne  to  the  western  cemeterj^  and  there  placed  in 
the  vault  prepared  for  its  temporary  reception. 

The  whole  of  the  ceremonies  were  conducted  in  the  most 
soletnn  and  impressive  manner,  and  no  effort  was  spared  by 
the  citizens  to  mark  their  sense  of  respect  for  the  deceased  and 
their  grief  for  his  loss. 

The  action  of  the  people  of  Charleston  and  of  the  State 
generally  on  this  occasion  was  significant,  It  was  no  mere 
outburst  of  sentiment.  It  arose  not  only  from  the  great  love 
and  reverence  which  Mr.  Calhoun’s  jiurity  of  character  and 
intellect  inspired,  and  the  pride  which  they  felt  in  him  as  one 
of  the  greatest  statesmen  that  America  has  produced,  but  it 
was  also  occasioned  by  the  intense  sympathy  with  and  belief 
in  the  political  principles  wiiich  he  represented.  The  States 
Riglits  dochrines  which  he  believed  in  and  taught  were  thor- 
oughly impressed  upon  their  minds,  and  undoubtedly  influ- 
enced the  whole  future  conduct  of  the  State. 

But  before  proceeding  further  into  the  history,  we  may  men- 
tion a few  more  of  the  features  which  belonged  to  the  palmy 
days  of  Charleston. 

The  South  Carolina  Military  Academy,  generally  known  as 
“the  < itadel,’’  was  an  object  of  great  interest  to  the  people  of 
Charleston.  In  1842  the  Legislature  transferred  the  approjiria- 
tion  for  the  Citadel  and  Magazine  Guard  at  Charleston,  and  the 
Arsenal  Guard,  at  Columbia,  to  a board  of  visitors,  who  were 
authorized  to  organize  the  State  Military  Academy.  In  Feb- 
ruary, 1843,  this  organization  was  effected,  and  the  cadets  re- 
auired  to  discharge  the  duties  of  a State  Guard.  This  building 
had  been  the  Arsenal,  and  was  occupied,  until  about  183.2,  by 
United  States  troops,  and  then  by  regular  State  troops,  until 
the  formation  of  the  Academy.  It  w'as  of  two  stories,  without 
the  wings,  the  third  story  w'as  added,  and  the  wings  con- 
structed to  extend  the  Arsenal. 

The  Academy  was  admirably  conducted,  the  drill  and  dis- 
cipline of  the  cadets  were  unsurpassed,  and  the  tone  of  the 


39 


THE  CITADEL. 

institution  very  high.  To  it  the  State  owes  many  of  her  best 
men  in  all  the  walks  of  life. 

On  the  breaking  out  of  the  late  war  the  cadets  were  early  in 
the  field.  In  fact,  the  first  gun  of  the  conflict  was  fired  by 
them,  on  the  memorable  morning  of  the  9tb  of  January,  1861, 
when  the  Star  of  the  West  attempted  to  re  inforce  Fort  Sumter ; 
after  that  they  were  kept  at  their  studies  in  the  Academy,  and 
doing  guard  duty  in  and  around  the  city,  and  whenever  an 
emergency  arose,  they  were  promptly  out  and  did  good  service. 
About  December,  1861,  they  went  into  active  service,  and  so 
remained  until  the  close  of  the  war,  the  Academy  being  virtu- 
ally abandoned.  On  the  evacuation  of  Charleston,  the  United 
States  troops  took  possession  of  the  buildings,  and  the  larger 
part  of  the  garrison  were  quartered  in  them  for  several  years. 
During  their  occupation  the  west  wing  was  destroyed  by  fire. 

Through  the  untiring  efforts  of  the  Board  of  Visitors,  with 
whom  all  the  surviving  graduates  of  the  institution  heartily 
■co-operated,  the  Academy  was  re-opened  on  October  11 . 1882, 
under  the  most  favorable  auspices,  and  is  now  in  a flourisbing 
condition. 

The  extensive  square  formerly  known  as  the  “Citadel 
Green,”  now  “Marion  Square.”  overlooked  by  the  castellated 
buildings  of  the  Academy,  affords  one  of  the  most  pleasing 
sights  in  Charleston,  and  is  connected  by  many  associations 
with  her  happiest  days.  It  was  the  rendezvous  on  all  occasions 
when  military  or  civic  parades  took  place,  and  many  brilliant 
processions  made  it  their  starting  point. 


40 


It  is  held  by  the  Field  Officers  of  the  Fourth  Brigade  of 
South  Carolina  Volunteer  Troops,  in  trust  for  the  use  of  the 
military  of  the  city,  and  as  a public  ]deasure  ground.  In  1882 
a very  favorable  arrangement  was  made  with  the  city  govern- 
ment, and  the  square  has  been  greatly  improved  and  beauti- 
lied.  The  buildings  which  occuiiie<l  a part  of  the  western  side 
have  been  removed,  and  the  grounds  have  been  levelled  and 
graded.  A broad  flagstone  sidewalk  extends  along  each  of 
the  four  sides;  within  this  is  a grass  lawn  eighty  feet  wide,  in 
which  a row  of  trees  has  been  planted,  and  the  central  space, 
three  hundred  by  five  hundred  feet  in  area,  intended  fora 
parade  and  drill  ground,  is  now  being  covered  with  a pave- 
ment of  concrete. 

The  Market  Hall  fronts  on  Meeting  street.  It  is  a fine  build- 
ing, in  temple  form,  standing  on  a liigh  open  basement,  hav- 
ing a lofty  portico  in  front,  reached  by  a double  flight  of  stone 
steps,  the  exterior  cornices  are  approj^riately  ornamented  with 
bulls’  heads. 

In  rear  of  this  building  are  the  markets,  consisting  of  a row 
of  low  sheds,  supported  by  brick  arches,  and  extending  to 
East  Bay  street.  They  have  divisions  for  large  and  small 
meats,  vegetables  and  fish,  the  stalls  being  arranged  on  each 
side,  having  a broad,  shady  walk  between  them  The  whole 
arrangement  is  a judicious  and  convenient  one,  especially  for 
a Southern  climate. 

The  Hibernian  Hall,  on  the  west  side  of  Meeting  street,  a 
short  distance  above  Broad,  is  the  property  of  the  Hibernian 
Society,  one  of  the  oldest  anil  wealthiest  associations  in  the 
city,  and  comprising  in  its  ranks  all  of  the  best  citizens  of  Irish 
extraction. 

The  building  is  a handsome  and  substantial  one,  conveni- 
ently arranged,  with  a large  hall,  occupying  the  whole  of  the 
second  floor,  and  a smaller  hall,  and  committee  rooms  below. 
Since  the  burning  of  the  Institute  and  St.  Andrew’s  Halls,  this 
one  has  been  used  for  all  large  assemblies  ; it  was  also  arranged 
for  a theatre,  and  used  by  ad  theatrical  ]3erformances  until  the 
building  of  the  Academy  of  Music.  The  Society  have  lately 
put  it  in  thorough  repair,  and  ornamented  it  quite  handsomely. 

The  new  Custom  House  presents  one  of  the  handsomest 
objects  in  Charleston. 

it  is  situated  just  south  of  the  Market  wharf,  on  Cooper 
River;  the  site,  which  was  formerly  known  as  Fitzsimmons’ 
wharf,  was  purchased  by  the  United  States  Government  in 
1849,  and.  in  1850,  Col.  E.  B.  White  received  the  appointment 
as  superintendent,  and  the  work  was  commenced  and  contin- 
ued until  the  war  arrested  its  progress.  It  is  on  a grand  scale  ; 
the  foundation  consists  of  seven  thousand  thirty-feet  piles,  on 
which  rests  a heavy  layer  of  grillage,  then  follows  a thickness 
of  eighteen  inches  of  concrete,  on  which  stand  a number  of 
inverted  arches,  built  of  brick,  and  about  ten  feet  in  height; 


41 


the  superstructure  rises  from  these.  These  details  will  serve 
to  give  some  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  the  work  proposed.  It 
has  already  cost  some  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars,  and  it 
will  take  many  thousands  more  to  complete  it.  Since  the  war, 
appropriations  have  been  made  from  time  to  time  for  the  con- 
tinuation of  the  work,  but  no  steady  progress  has  been  made- 
The  building  is  of  white  marble ; the  style  of  architecture  the 
Roman-Corinthian.  Considerable  changes  have  been  made  in 
the  original  plans,  and  the  building  has  been  completed  for 
occupation  on  a very  different  scale  from  that  first  intended. 
It  has  been  occupied  since  1879  by  the  officers  of  the  Customs  ■ 
and  Internal  Eevenue  Departments,  and  more  recently  by  the 
United  States  Circuit  and  District  Courts. 

We  come  now  to  the  period  in  the  history  of  Charleslon 
which  overshadows  all  the  rest  in  importance,  both  in  the 
material  changes  which  it  produced  in  the  city  itself  and  in 
the  qualities  and  characteristics  of  its  citizens  which  it  brought 
into  play. 

Charleston,  as  she  had  done  in  the  throwing  off  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Lords  Proprietors  in  1719,  in  the  Revolution  of 
1776,  and  in  the  Nullification  proceedingsof  1831,  took  the  lead 
among  the  cities  of  the  South  in  the  Secession  movement  of 
1860-61;  we  have  already  described  the  scenes  which  took 
place  in  the  Institute  Hall,  on  the  evening  of  the  20th  of  De- 
cember, 1860.  The  people  of  Charleston  were  ready  to  abide 
by  any  consequences  that  might  result  from  their  action  on 
that  occasion,  but  they  hoped  that  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment would  recognize  their  rights  and  not  resort  to  forcible 
means  of  settling  the  questions  between  the  Southern  States 
and  itself.  This  hope  was  first  shaken  when,  on  the  night  of 
the  26th  of  December,  Major  Anderson,  Commandant  of  Fort 
Moultrie,  abandoned  that  fort,  having  first  spiked  the  guns 
and  destroyed  the  carriages,  and  took  possession  of  Fort  Sum- 
ter. By  this  action  war  was  virtually  declared,  and  the  State 
authorities  deemed  it  advisable  to  look  to  their  own  defences ; 
accordingly  the  following  day  Castle  Pinckney  and  Fort 
Moultrie  were  occupied  by  volunteer  TOmmands — Castle  Pinck- 
ney by  the  Rifle  Battalion,  Col.  .1.  Johnston  Pettigrew,  Fort 
Moultrie,  by  four  companies  of  artillery,  under  Col.  AV.  G. 
DeSaussure. 

Other  points  around  the  harbor  were  fortified  and  manned 
by  companies  from  the  city,  and  other  parts  of  the  State.  A 
detachment  of  the  Citadel  ( adets,  under  Major  P.  F.  Stevens, 
occupied  a battery,  hastily  thrown  up  on  the  point  of  Morris 
Island.  On  the  morning  of  the  9th  of  January,  1861,  the  Star 
of  the  West,  a United  States  transport  steamer,  loaded  with 
men  and  military  stores,  attempted  to  enter  the  harbor  for  the 
purpose  of  reinforcing  Fort  Sumter.  AVhen  about  two  miles 
from  the  fort,  the  cadets  opened  fire  upon  her;  the  first  shot 
was  fired  across  her  bow,  merely  to  give  warning.  The  steamer 


42 

running  up  the  United  States  flag,  and  increasing  her  speed, 
the  next  shots  u'ere  aimed  at  her,  and  one  struck,  while  the 
rest  were  so  close  as  to  show  that  the  artillerists  had  got  the 
range  and  Avere  ready  to  do  damage.  Perceiving  that,  the 
captain  deemed  it  more  prudent  to  retreat,  and  turned  his  ves- 
sel seaward,  abandoning  the  project  of  aiding  the  fort. 

Thus  the  cadets  had  the  honor  of  firing  the  first  gun  of  the 

war,  and  the  prestige  which  they  acquired  on  this  occasion 
never  left  them.  Whenever  called  into  the  field  they  were 
placed  in  the  position  of  danger  and  of  honor. 

From  this  time  all  doubts  were  removed  from  the  minds  of 
the  people  of  South  Carolina  as  to  the  hostile  intentions  of  the 
United  States  Government. 

Gen.  G.  T.  Beauregaard  having  arrived  in  Charleston,  from 
New  Orleans,  was  invested  by  Gov.  Pickens  with  command  of 
all  military  affairs,  and  proceeded  at  once  to  organize  his 
forces. 

It  was  evident  that  the  garrison  of  Fort  Sumter  could  not 
remain  there  with  .safety  to  the  cit}^  but  Major  Anderson 
showed  no  signs  of  intention  to  move,  and  it  was  ascertained 
that  ships  of  war  were  on  their  way  to  the  South;  a sjDecial 
messenger,  also,  from  President  Linco'n,  informed  Governor 
Pickens  and  General  Beauregard  that  the  fort  was  to  be  pro- 
visioned by  force.  Preparations  must,  therefore,  be  made  on 
our  side  to  anticipate  this.  Batteries  were  thrown  up  on 
Morris  and  Sullivan’s  Islands,  Fort  Moultrie  was  strengthened, 
and  a floating  batteiuq  protected  with  iron  sheathing,  was 
built  and  anchored  off  Haddrell’s  Point. 

Volunteer  companies  were  raised  throughout  the  State,  and 
equiijped  and  drilled  as  thoroughly  as  time  and  means  would 
allow,  and  every  preparation  possible,  under  the  circumstan- 
ces, was  made  fora  resort  to  arms  if  it  should  prove  necessary. 
By  this  time  several  of  the  other  Southern  States  had  followed 
the  lead  of  South  Carolina,  and  the  Confederate  Government 

was,  to  some  extent,  at  least,  organized ; Gen.  Beauregard, 
therefore,  acted  under  the  orders  of  the  Secretary  of  War, 
Hon.  L.  P.  Walker,  whose  instructions  were  not  to  permit 
troops  or  provisions  to  be  throtvn  into  Fort  Sumter,  and  to  use 
such  means  as  he  should  deem  roper  to  prevent  such  an 
.attempt. 

At  tw'elve  o’clock,  on  the  11th  of  April,  Gen.  Beauregard 
made  a formal  demand  for  the  surrender  of  the  Fort.  Major 
Anderson  replied : “ I have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  re- 
ceipt of  your  communication,  demanding  the  evacuation  of  this 
fort,  and  to  say  in  reply  thereto,  that  it  is  a demand  with 
which  I regret  that  my  sense  of  honor  and  my  obligations  to 
my  government  prevent  my  compliance  ” He  added,  “ Proba- 
bly I will  await  the  first  shot,  and  if  you  do  not  batter  us  to 
pieces,  we  will  be  starved  out  in  a few  "days.” 

On  the  same  day  Gen.  Beauregard  received  a dispatch  from 


43 


the  Secretary  of  War,  authorizing  him  to  joropose  that  if  Major 
Anderson  would  name  a time  at  which  he  would  evacuate  the 
fort,  and  would  not  in  the  mean  time  use  his  guns  against  the 
Confederate  forces,  no  attack  should  be  made  upon  the  fort, 
and  thus,  bloodshed  might  be  avoided.  Major  Anderson  re- 
fusing to  accept  these  terms,  Gen.  Beauregard  proceeded  to 
action. 

At  twenty  minutes  past  four  o’clock,  on  Friday  morning, 
April  12th,  Fort  Moultrie  opened  fire. 

The  effect  of  the  sound  of  these  guns  in  the  city  Avas  electri- 
cal. In  a moment,  almost,  the  streets  Avere  thronged  with 
people  hastening  to  every  point  which  commanded  a vieAv  of 
the  harbor,  Avhere  thej'  remained  hour  after  hour,  Avatching 
with  breathless  anxiety  the  result  of  the  encounter. 

Fort  Sumter  replied  to  the  guns  of  Moultrie  with  three 
barbette  guns,  and  then  the  batteries  on  Cummings  Point, 
Mount  Pleasant,  Fort  Johnson,  and  the  Floating  Battery,  com- 
menced a rapid  bombardment. 

BetAveen  seven  and  eight  o’clock,  Major  Anderson  brought 
into  play  the  tAvo  tiers  of  guns  looking  toAvards  Fort  Moultrie 
and  the  SteAmn’s  Iron  Battery  on  Cummings  Point,  and  then 
the  firing  from  Sumter  became  rapid  ; it  was  directed  chiefly 
against  those  batteries  and  the  Floating  Battery  anchored  off 
Haddrell’s  Point.  Five  of  the  Confederate  batteries  kept  up 
the  Are ; the  rest  Avere  held  in  reserve  in  case  of  an  attempt  on 
the  part  of  the  fleet  to  enter  the  harbor. 

With  the  exception  of  an  interruption  of  about  three  hours, 
caused  by  a heavy  rain  storm,  the  bombardment  continued 
unceasingly  through  the  Avhole  day  and  night;  during  the- 
night  Fort  Sumter  Avas  silent,  the  garrison  being  employed  in 
repairing  damages,  and  adtling  some  protections  to  the  barbette 
guns.  At  seven  next  morning,  IMajor  Anderson  opened  a 
heavy  and  rapid  fire,  which  Avas  kept  up  for  two  hours  steadily. 
In  the  mean  time  the  red  hot  shot  which  Avas  throAvn  from 
Fort  Moultrie  had  ignited  the  officer’s  quarters  in  Sumter, 
which  Avere  of  Avood,  and  a terrible  fire  was  raging  Avithin  the 
fort.  Every  effort  Avas  made  by  the  garrison  to  conquer  it,  but 
without  success,  and  it  soon  became  evident  that  the  fort  could 
no  longer  be  held.  The  flag  Avas  by  this  time  shot  aAvay  and 
was  replaced  by  a flag  of  truce.  When  the  fire  Avas  perceived 
to  be  raging.  Colonel  Wigfall,  of  General  Beauregard’s  staff, 
went  to  the  fort,  under  a flag  of  truce,  to  offer  assistance  in  put- 
ting it  out;  he  informed  Major  Anderson  that  the  firing  from 
our  batteries  would  cease  as  soon  as  the  United  States  flag  was 
hauled  doAvn,  which  Avas  accordingly  done,  the  only  time,  be 
it  remembered,  that  the  flag  of  Sumter  AA'as  eAmr  loAvered  in 
the  presence  of  an  enemy.  The  same  flag  was,  in  186-5,  again 
raised  on  the  ramparts  Avith  considerable  ceremony,  but  the 
performance  was  someAA'hat  lacking  in  glory,  for  the  Confed- 


44 


erates  had  evacuated  the  fort  many  Iiours  before,  and  were 
miles  away  out  of  sight  and  hearing. 

When  tiie  flag  was  hauled  down,  Senator  Chesnut  and  ex- 
■Crovernor  Manning  went  to  the  fort,  and  stipulated  with  Major 
Anderson  that  his  surrender  shouhf  be  unconditional,  subject 
■to  such  terms  as  General  Beauregard  should  dictate.  These 
were  very  generous.  General  Beauregard  refused  to  receive 
Major  Anderson’s  sword,  and  complimented  him  and  his  offi- 
cers on  their  gallant  defence.  The  garrison  were  permitted  to 
take  witlr  them  all  their  arms  and  personal  effects.  They  left 
on  Monday  morning,  in  the  steamer  Baltic,  for  New  T’ork. 

Thus  ended  the  first  battle  of  the  war.  The  bombardment 
lasted  forty  hours,  and  upwards  of  three  thousand  shot  and 
shell  were  fired,  most  of  them  aimed  with  precision,  but  the 
strangest  fact  in  regard  to  it  is,  that  not  a life  was  lost  on 
■either  side.  The  first  victory  of  the  Confederates  was  entirely 
bloodless. 

For  several  months  military  preparations  had  been  going  on 
vigorously  in  the  city,  and  the  fall  of  Sumter  only  quickened 
these,  for  it  was  evident  that  the  United  States  Government 
was  determined  on  war.  Those  were  stirring  times  in 
Charleston.  Volunteer  commands  were  organized,  which  in- 
cluded the  citizens  of  every  class,  condition  and  age,  and  which 
were  diligently  drilled  and  exercised.  The  streets  were  alive 
at  all  hours  of  the  day,  with  men  in  uniform  hurrying  to  the 
different  places  of  rendezvous,  and  the  public  squares  were  the 
•constant  scenes  of  military  manoenvres  of  every  description. 
Great  liberality  was  displayed  by  the  citizens  at  this  time; 
money  was  freely  subscribed  for  every  purpose  for  which  it 
might  be  needed,  and  in  many  instances  wealthy  men  armed 
and  equipped  entire  companies  at  their  own  expense. 

Although  the  serious  nature  of  the  affairs  they  were  em- 
barked upon  was  not  forgotten  by  the  Charlestonians,  yet  the 
season  was  one  almost  of  gayety.  The  call  for  active  prepara- 
tions stimulated  the  spirits  and  energies  of  all.  The  ladies 
were  as  enthusiastic  as  the  men,  and  did  everything  in  their 
power  to  aid  and  encourage  the  defenders  of  the  cause  they 
held  dear.  Very  early  in  the  war  the  womeir  of  the  South 
commenced  that  course  of  self-denial  among  themselves,  and 
active  assistance,  as  well  as  comfort  and  encouragement,  to  the 
men,  which  characterized  their  conduct  throughout  the  whole 
struggle,  and  more  especially  in  the  miseries  of  the  terrible 
peace  which  foliowed  it.  Soon  the  notes  of  war  sounded  from 
Virginia,  and  all  the  troops  which  could  be  spared  from  the 
■defences  of  the  State  promptly  offered  themselves;  and  then 
commenced  those  partings  which  each  year  brought  greater 
sadness  to  the  homes  of  the  South. 

As  we  have  said,  the  i>reparations  for  the  defence  of  Charles- 
ton were  actively  carried  on ; Fort  Sumter  and  the  batteries 
around  the  harbor  were  strengthened  and  heavily  armed;  for- 


45 


tifications  were  built  at  every  point  where  they  could  be  made 
available  against  the  enemy’s  fleet,  and  equal  provision  was 
made  against  attack  by  land.  Across  the  J?feck  a complete  line 
of  entrenchments  was  thrown  up,  and  even  in  the  city  itself 
batteries  were  erected  on  such  points  as  commanded  the  har- 
bor or  the  land  approach.  But  for  some  time  no  demonstra- 
tions were  made,  sufficiently  important  to  need  mention  in  this 
brief  sketch.  The  fleet  blockaded  the  harbor,  and  occasion- 
ally made  a feint  of  attempting  to  enter  it,  but  the  commanders 
perceived  that  the  defences  were  too  strong  for  them,  and  con- 
tented themselves  with  endeavoring  to  cut  off  supplies  from 
abroad  by  the  destruction  of  such  of  the  blockade-runners  as 
they  could  catch,  not  a very  successful  business,  however,  for 
numbers  of  swift  vessels,  manned  by  skillful  and  courageous 
sailors,  passed  under  the  very  guns  of  the  largest  war  vessels, 
and  landed  their  cargoes  at  the  wharves  of  the  city. 

Meanwhile  a peculiar  calm  brooded  over  the  city.  The  first 
hurry  and  excitement  was  over  and  the  war  had  become  a 
reality.  Those  of  the  citizens  who  were  not  called  into  active 
service,  pursued,  as  far  as  might  be,  their  usual  avocations,  but 
it  was  with  the  quiet  and  gravity  of  men  who  awaited  the 
issue  of  great  events. 

The  city,  as  she  then  stood,  is  described  in  perfect  verse  by 
one  of  Carolina’s  truest  poets: 

“ Calm  as  that  second  summer  which  precedes 
The  first  fall  of  the  snow. 

In  the  broad  sunlight  of  heroic  deeds. 

The  city  bides  the  foe. 

“ As  yet  behind  their  ramparts,  stern  and  proud. 

Her  bolted  thunders  sleep — 

Dark  Sumter,  like  a battleraented  cloud, 

Dooms  o’er  the  solemn  deep. 

“ No  Calpe  frowns  from  lofty  cliff  or  scaur 
To  guard  the  holy  strand  ; 

But  iloultrie  liolds  in  leash  her  dogs  of  war 
Above  the  level  sand. 

“ And  down  the  dunes  a thousand  guns  lie  couched, 
Unseen,  beside  the  flood — 

Like  tigers  iu  some  Orient, jungle  crouched. 

That  wait  and  watch  lor  blood. 

“ Meanwhile,  through  streets  still  echoing  -with  trade., 
Walk  grave  and  thouglilful  men. 

Whose  hands  may  one  day  wield  the  patriot’s  blade- 
A s lightly  as  the  pen. 

“ And  maidens  with  such  eyes  as  would  grow  dim 
Over  a bleeding  hound. 

Seem  each  one  to  liave  caught  the  strength  of  him. 

Whose  sword  she  sadly  bound. 

“ Thus  girt  without  and  garrisoned  at  home. 

Day  patient  following  day. 

Old  Charleston  looks  from  roof,  and  spire,  and  dome. 
Across  her  tranquil  bay. 

* * ' * ,s  » » 


46 


“ Shall  the  spring  dawn.  and. she  still  clad  in  smiles, 

And  with  an  unscatlied  brow, 

Rest  in  tile  strong  arms  other  palm-crowned  isles. 

As  fair  and  free  as  now  ? 

“■  We  know  not ; in  the  temple  of  the  Fates 
God  has  inscribed  her  doom  ; 

And,  ail  untroubled  in  her  faith,  she  waits 
The  triumph  or  the  tomb.” 

But  as  time  went  on,  the  engagements  which  were  taking 
place  at  points  more  or  less  near  the  city,  were  warning  the 
inhabitants  that  their  time  of  trial  was  approaching,  and  call- 
ing more  and  more  of  the  men  to  the  outworks,  while  the  non- 
combatants  were  seeking  securer  places  in  the  interior  of  the 
State.  Space  only  permits  the  mention  of  a few  of  these 
actions,  which  were  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the 
city. 

The  battle  of  Secessionville,  James  Island,  on  the  16th  June, 
1862,  was  one  of  the  most  important.  Secessionville  was  occu- 
pied by  a regiment  of  artillery  under  Ool.  Lamar,  and  its  for- 
tifications were  only  in  progress,  and  far  from  complete,  when 
the  attack  was  made.  The  Charleston  Battalion,  Col.  P-  C. 
Oaillard,  the  Eutaw  Regiment,  Col.  C.  H.  Simonton,  and  the 
Louisiana  Battalion,  Major  Hutson,  were  engaged  along  with 
Col.  Lamar’s  Artillery.  The  enemy,  in  large  force,  charged 
the  works  in  front  three  times  without  success,  and  then 
attempted  to  take  them  by  a flank  movement,  which  was  also 
repulsed.  The  battle  which  was  closely  contested  for  several 
hours,  and  was  splendidly  fought,  resulted  in  the  victory  of 
the  Confederates,  who  lost  fifty-three  killed,  and  one  hundred 
and  thirty-four  wounded  ; the  loss  of  the  enemy  was  heavy, 
amounting  to  upwards  of  five  hundred.  Among  the  killed  on 
our  side  were  several  ifrominent  Charlestonians,  whose  loss 
was  deeply  felt. 

On  Saturday,  the  31st  January,  1863,  the  Confederate  iron- 
clad gunboats.  Palmetto  State,  Capt.  John  Rutledge,  and  Chi- 
cora,  Capt.  John  R.  Tucker,  made  a descent  upon  the  blockad- 
ing fleet  at  the  mouth  of  the  harbor.  The  expedition  w'as 
under  command  of  Commodore  D.  N.  Ingraham,  who  was  on 
board  the  Palmetto  State;  they  came  upon  the  blockaders 
under  cover  of  a haze,  and  the  Palmetto  State  struck  the 
Mercedita,  a sloop  of  war,  before  she  was  perceived  by  those 
on  board,  and  left  her  in  a sinking  condition ; the  crew'  having 
surrendered,  were  parolled.  The  Chicora  opened  fire  at  short 
range  on  several  large  steamers.  The  fleet  was  completely 
taken  by  surprise,  and  promptly  dispersed  and  disappeared, 
though  only  for  a short  time. 

On  Tuesday,  April  8th,  of  the  same  year,  an  attack  was  made 
by  the  enemy’s  fleet  on  Fort  Sumter;  they  advanced  in  two 
lines  of  battle;  as  they  neared  the  fort.  Col  Rhett,  the  corn- 
mandant,  had  the  long  roll  beat,  and  the  garrison,  regi- 


47 


mental,  and  Palmetto  flags  rim  up  and  saluted.  Fort  Moultrie 
commenced  firing,  and  was  followed  immediately  by  Fort 
Sumter,  and  the  batteries  on  Sullivan’s  and  Morris’  Islands. 
The  Passaic,  the  leading  vessel  of  the  first  line,  took  position 
about  fourteen  hundred  yards  from  the  fort ; after  being  under 
fire  for  about  thirty  minutes,  and  having  been  several  times 
struck,  she  drew  out  of  range,  and  her  place  was  taken  for 
about  the  same  length  of  time,  by  each  of  the  other  vessels  of 
that  line.  Then  came  the  Ironsides,  an  immense  frigate,  with 
an  armament  of  fourteen  eleven-inch  guns,  and  two  two-hun- 
dred pound  rifled  guos  ; but  her  great  size  made  her  too  good 
a target,  and  she  was  compelled  to  retire. 

The  second  line  then  advanced,  the  Keokuk,  a double-tur- 
retted  monitor  leading ; a terrific  fire  was  poured  upon  her 
which  she  stood  for  about  half  an  hour,  and  then  withdrew, 
so  badly  damaged  that  she  sunk  at  her  moorings  the  next 
morning.  About  niirety  shots  were  fired  by  the  fleet,  forty  of 
which  struck  Fort  Sumter;  there  were  no  casualties,  but  the 
fort  sustained  considerable  injury. 

On  Friday,  July  10th,  at  half-past  five  in  the  morning,  the 
enemy  opened  fire  from  batteries  on  Folly  Island,  on  the 
works  on  the  extreme  south  end  of  Morris  Island,  commanded 
by  Capt.  J.  C.  Mitchell.  After  a severe  bombardment,  to  which 
Capt.  Mitchell  could  only  reply  slowly,  and  without  much 
effect,  his  guns  being  small  and  few  in  number,  a large  force 
was  landed,  which  was  at  once  tittacked  by  Capt.  jMitchell,  now 
reinforced  by  Col.  Graham’s  regiment  of  infantry,  but  the 
Confederates  were  outnumbered,  and  were  compelled  to  fall 
back  towards  Battery  Wagner,  the  principal  defence  of  the 
island ; the  enemy  advancing  and  forming  in  line  of  battle 
was  again  attacked  by  the  Confederates,  further  reinforced, 
but  still  greatly  inferior  in  numbers ; but  after  a fierce  en- 
counter, they  were  compelled  to  retreat  into  the  fort.  Four 
determined  eftbrts  were  made  to  take  it  by  storm,  but  were 
repulsed.  Then  commenced  the  sigge  of  Battery  Wagner,  the 
defence  of  which  stands  second  only  to  that  of  Fort  Sumter, 
in  the  courage  with  which  it  was  maintained,  and  the  terrible 
hardships  the  defenders  had  to  undergo. 

On  the  night  of  the  14th,  Col.  Eion,  with  between  two  and 
three  hundred  men,  made  a successful  sortie  on  the  enemy’s 
lines,  but  their  force  was  too  large  to  be  dislodged  by  such 
means. 

A furious  bombardment  was  kept  up  daily  on  the  fort.  On 
the  18th,  this  was  maintained  steadily  for  eleven  hours,  from 
sixty-five  heavy  guns  and  eight  mortars;  the  shot  and  shell 
fell  upon  the  fort  at  the  rate  of  twentj- -seven  a minute.  At 
eight  o’clock,  in  the  evening,  the  enemy  advanced  iit  two  col- 
umns, of  three  thousand  each,  under  command  of  Brigadier- 
General  Strong,  and  a desperate  as.sault  was  made  upon  the 
fort.  A hand-to-hand  fight  ensued,  which  lasted  for  three 


48 


hours,  and  resulted  in  the  complete  defeat  of  the  attacking 
party,  with  six  hundred  men  left  on  the  field,  and  a total  loss 
of  above  fifteen  hundred.  Our  loss  was  about  one  hundred- 

The  siege  of  Battery  Wagner  lasted  forty-eight  days,  and,  as 
we  have  said,  was  marked  with  the  most  splendid  courage. 
A fire  was  kept  up,  which  never  ceased  except  for  the  purpose 
of  an  assault,  and  the  besieged  were  subjected  to  almo.st  un- 
paralleled hardshi])s.  The  confinement  to  close  hoiubjiroofs, 
often  half  filled  with  dead  and  dying  men,  the  dillicultv  of 
obtaining  water  or  cooked  food,  besides  the  continual  labors 
of  the  defence,  made  it  almost  impossible  for  any  constitution 
to  stand  more  than  two  or  three  day.s  at  a time,  and  yet  it  was 
frequently  nece-^sary  to  wait  many  hours  for  a boat  to  escape 
the  guns  of  the  enemy  and  land  the  relief 

At  length  it  was  perceived  that  Morris’  Island  could  no 
longer  be  held;  and,  accordingly,  on  the  night  of  the  (>rh  of 
September,  Batteries  Wagner  and  Gregg  were  quietly  evacu- 
ated. They  had  been  mined  and  the  slow-match  was  lighted 
at  Ratteiw  Wagner,  by  Capt.  Huguenin,  and  at  Battery  Gregg, 
by  Capt.  Lesesne,  but,  owing  to  defective  fuses,  the  magazines 
did  not  explode. 

On  Friday  night,  August  the  21st,  1863,  a communication  was 
received  at  Gen.  Beauregard’s  headquarters  from  Gen.tHI- 
more,  the  United  States  Commander  on  Morris’  Island,  de- 
manding the  evacuation  of  that  island  and  Fort  Sumter,  and 
stating  that  if  the  demand  was  not  complied  with  in  four  hours 
from  the  time  of  the  delivery  of  his  note  at  Fort  Wagner,  he 
would  open  fire  on  the  city.  This  communication  was  without 
signature-  Gen.  Beauregard  being  absent  on  a reconnoisance, 
it  was  received  by  Gen.  Jordan,  his  Chief  of  Staff,  who  re- 
turned it  to  be  signed.  It  was  signed  and  received  again  at 
nine  o’clock  next  morning.  In  the  mean  time  the  threat  was 
carried  out;  between  one  and  tw'O  o’clock,  on  Saturday  morn- 
ing, the  firing  commenced,  and  thirteen  shells  were  thrown 
into  the  cit3q  at  intervals  of  fifteen  minutes;  the  bur.sting  of 
the  gun  put  a stop  to  it  after  that  number.  No  damage  was 
done,  but,  naturally,  it  w'as  the  cause  of  considerable  excite- 
ment and  alarm.  Gen.  Beauregard  wrote  aFtter  of  indignant 
remonstrance  to  Gen.  Gilmore  for  having  fired  on  the  city 
without  notice,  and  without  oi*portunity  having  been  given 
for  the  removal  of  the  women  and  children. 

The  bombardment  commenced  on  this  occasion  was  kept  uf', 
with  scarcely  an  interunssion,  until  the  evacuation  of  the  city, 
on  the  18th  of  Fel)ruary,  186.5,  a period  of  five  hnndred  and 
eighty-six  days.  Of  course,  considerable  damage  w'as  done  to 
property  in  the  city;  but  the  casualties  were  very  fe\>',  and  it 
was  astonishing  to  observe  how'  soon  the  peo]>le  Ijecame  used 
to  it  and  w'ent  about  their  daily  avocations.  It  soon  became 
necessary  to  wdthdraw  from  the  more  exi>osed  ])Ositions  ; and 
on  the  25th  of  August  the  Post  Office  was  removed  to  the 


49 


corner  of  King  and  Ann  streets.  By  degrees  other  public 
offices  were  removed  to  the  upper  part  of  the  city,  and  most 
persons  took  up  their  residence  tliere,  but  it  was  all  done  qui- 
etly and  without  any  panic,  or  even  excitement. 

From  this  time  on  little  remains  to  be  told  of  Charleston  in 
the  war.  The  shellina:  continued  from  day  to  day,  with  more 
or  less  violence,  and  by  degrees  the  inhabited  space  was  con- 
tracted, and  more  and  more  of  the  non-combatants  were  re- 
moved to  what  seemed  safer  places,  but  there  was  no  thought 
of  giving  up  the  city,  until  Sherman  had  reached  the  sea,  and 
was  marching  up  from  the  South  ; then  it  became  evident  that 
Charleston  must  be  abandoned-  The  evacuation  commenced 
on  the  evening  of  the  17th  of  February,  1865,  and,  by  the 
morning  of  the  18th,  the  troops  had  been  quietly  withdrawn 
from  the  batteries  around  the  harbor  and  from  the  city  itself, 
which  was  left  in  charge  of  the  Ma3'or,  Hon.  Charles  Macbeth, 
who  remained  to  preserve  order  and  prevent  destrin-tion  as  far 
as  possible.  About  ten  o’clock,  the  Mayor  communicated  with 
the  United  States  officers,  who  were  seen  approaching  the  city, 
informing  them  that  the  military  had  left  it.  The  United 
States  authorities  then  took  possession.  The  city  was  at  this 
time  in  considerable  danger  of  total  destruction.  The  Con- 
federates, before  leaving,  had  collected  all  the  cotton  in  the 
various  stores  and  warehouses  into  piles,  and  set  fire  to  it ; 
this  was  hastily  and,  in  some  cases,  carelessly  done,  and  the 
result  was  that  many  of  the  buildings  in  the  neighborhood  of 
these  piles  of  cotton  took  fire;  most  of  them  were,  with  some 
difficulty,  put  out ; but  in  one  instance  tbe  destruction  both  of 
life  atid  property  was  terrible.  At  the  Northeastern  Kailroad 
depot  a large  quantity  of  provisions  was  left,  around  which  a 
crowd  of  the  poor  people  of  the  neighborhood  had  eagerly 
gathered.  Along  with  the  provisions  was  stored  a considerable 
amount  of  cannon  powcter,  made  up  into  cartridges,  and  some 
boys  were  amusing  themselves  by  throwing  handfuls  of  this 
powder  on  a fire  which  was  burning  in  the  yard;  by  some 
means  a spark  reached  the  pile  of  cartridges,  and  a terrific  ex- 
plosion occurred,  M’hich,  in  an  instant,  demolished  the  whole 
building,  leaving  a fierce  fire  burning  among  its  ruins.  This 
spread  rapidly,  and  resulted  in  the  almost  entire  destruction 
of  two  squai'es.  tVhat  was  the  number  of  lives  lost  has  never 
been  ascertained,  but  it  is  estimated  at  certainly  not  less  than 
one  hundred. 

This,  and  the  other  fires,  caused  in  the  course  of  that  one 
morning  the  loss  of  thousands  of  dollars  worth  of  property- 

The  city  was  now  left  in  the  hands  of  the  enemy,  who  had 
so  long  been  vainly  endeavoring  to  seize  it ; and  while  the  oft 
repeated  threats  of  razing  it  to  the  ground  were  not  literally 
carried  out.  yet  quite  sufficient  damage  was  done  to  satisfy  the 
most  revengeful  spirit.  Private  houses,  as  well  as  public 
buildings,  were  turned  over  to  the  military,  and,  worse  still,  to 


50 


their  followers ; and,  for  some  weeks  at  least,  a continual  scene 
of  pillage  and  destruction  was  going  on.  Much  valuable  pri- 
vate property  was  stolen  or  destroyed,  and  it  was  scarcely 
safe  for  the  few  inhabitants  Avho  remained  to  venture  out  of 
their  houses. 

At  length,  in  April,  the  final  overthrow  of  the  Confederacy 
occurred,  and  the  citizens  of  Charleston  commenced  by  de- 
grees to  return,  their  hopes  blasted  and  their  fortunes  gone,, 
to  their  once  beautiful  home,  now  so  sadly  changed. 

It  is  difficult  to  picture  the  condition  of  the  city  at  this  time. 
A considerable  portion  of  it  was  in  ruins,  and  every  resource 
by  which  it  might  be  built  up  again,  and  its  trade  and  com- 
merce revived,  seemed  hopelessly  gone.  We  have  had  fre- 
quent occasion  to  allude  to  the  great  fire  of  1861,  but  as  yet 
have  not  mentioned  any  of  the  particulars  of  it.  This  fire, 
the  most  destructive  Charleston  has  ever  known,  began  in  the 
large  sash  and  blind  factory  of  W.  P.  Russell  <fc  Co.,  near  the 
foot  of  Hasel  street,  about  half-past  eight  o’clock,  on  Wednes- 
day night,  December  11, 1861.  The  wind  was  blowing  strongly 
from  tlie  north-east,  and  the  flames  were  quickly  communi- 
cated to  the  adjoining  buildings,  and  in  a short  time  the  fire 
had  made  such  headway  that  all  eflbrts  to  stay  its  progress 
were  vain.  In  a broad  line  extending  from  the  foot  of  Hasel 
street,  on  the  Cooper  River,  to  the  endof  Tradd  street,  on  the 
Ashle}q  scarcely  a building  escaped.  Among  the  public  build- 
ings destroyed  were  the  Circular  Church,  the  Institute  Hall, 
St.  Andrew’s  Hall,  Bt.  Finbar’s  Cathedral,  and  St.  Peter’s 
Church.  The  number  of  persons  who  sustained  loss  w'as  near 
four  hundred.  The  burnt  district  covered  an  area  of  five 
hundred  and  forty  acres,  and  the  loss  of  property  variously 
estimated  at  from  five  to  seven  millions  of  dollars. 

As  may  be  supposed,  nothing  was  ever  attempted  towards 
repairing  the  damage  during  tlie  four  years  of  war  which  fol- 
lowed, and  the  various  fires  which  occurred  during  the  sliell- 
ing  of  the  city,  and  at  its  evacuation,  laid  waste  nearly  as  much 
more. 

But  this  was  by  no  means  all  the  loss  that  the  city  had  sus- 
tained ; the  entire  banking  capital  was  gone,  the  insurance 
companies  were  insolvent,  and  private  capital,  of  course,  in 
very  nearly  the  same  condition.  The  railroads  which  com- 
municated with  the  city  were  all  worn  out,  and  in  some  cas6.s 
destroyed,  while  the  steamship  lines  had  long  been  disused, 
and  the  few  vessels  which  were  owned  in  Chai'leston  con- 
verted to  other  uses. 

Under  these  circumstances,  the  task  of  re-opening  the  busi- 
ness of  the  city  seemed  absolutely  hopeless,  but  the  energy, 
courage,  and  endurance,  which  had  characterized  the  people 
of  Charleston  through  the  dangers  of  the  war,  did  not  desert 
them  in  the  greater  trials  of  this  time,  and  they  boldly  faced 


51 


the  difficulties  before  them  ; with  what  success,  the  present 
condition  of  the  city  sliDws. 

The  historj'  of  Charleston  for  tlie  years  that  have  elapsed 
since  the  close  of  the  war,  is  that  of  a people  strugcding  against 
difficulties,  and  overcoming  them  one  by  one,  until  now  we  see 
nearly  all  the  waste  places  built  up,  trade  and  commerce  re- 
established, the  old  industries  resumed,  and  many  new  ones 
introduced,  so  that  it  is  evident  that  the  city  is  on  the  high 
road,  not  only  to  regain,  but  to  surpass  her  former  prosperity. 
For  upwards  of  ten  years  the  city  suffered  under  all  the  evils 
of  bad  government ; part  of  this  time  military  rule  prevailed, 
and  when  that  was  withdrawn  the  city  was  left  in  the  hands 
of  political  adventurers,  who  wasted  and  plundered  the  public 
means.  Twice  the  citizens  succeeded  in  placing  men  of  their 
choice  in  office,  but  these  gentlemen  were  hampered  by  the 
condition  of  affairs  around  them,  and  could  only  partially  stem 
the  tide  of  corruption.  But  the  great  political  revolution 
which  swept  over  South  Carolina  in  1876  had  an  immediate 
effect  on  Charleston,  and  especially  in  the  past  five  years,  the 
city  has  enjoyed  a wise,  energetic  and  progressive  adminis- 
tration, the  effects  of  wbich  may  be  seen  on  all  sides  in  the 
improvement  and  beautifying  of  the  public  buildings  and 
parks,  the  paving  of  streets  and  sidewalks,  more  complete 
arrangements  for  drainage  and  water  supply,  and  a hundred 
other  marks  of  an  advancing  prosperity. 

Nor  does  this  exist  only  in  appearance,  confidence  in  the 
honest  administration  of  public  affairs  has  caused  not  only  the 
city  securities,  but  all  others  based  on  the  business  of  the  city, 
to  increase  largely  in  demand,  and  real  estate  has  advanced 
tw'enty-five  to  fifty  per  cent,  in  value. 

The  sanitary  management  of  the  city  is  remarkably  good; 
for  years  past  no  epidemic  has  spread,  and  the  yellow  fever  so 
much  dreaded  in  Southern  ports,  has  by  means  of  a strict  and 
efficient  quarantine  been  entirely  excluded.  As  the  systems 
now  being  matured  progress  towards  completion.  Charleston 
bids  fair  to  be  one  of  the  healthiest  cities  in  the  United  States. 

We  can  only  note  very  briefly  here  the  principal  industries 
of  the  city,  but  we  add  to  this  little  w'ork  a very  full  account 
of  the  commercial  and  industrial  standing  of  Charleston,  and 
a sketch  of  the  history,  origin  and  development  of  the  South 
Carolina  Phosphates. 

Cotton  holds  the  first  place  among  the  business  interests  of 
Charleston.  The  largest  and  most  important  houses  are  en- 
gaged in  the  trade  in  this  staple,  and  its  influences  are  felt  in 
inany  directions.  The  four  presses,  constructed  on  the  most 
improved  system,  represent  a very  large  capital,  and  for  several 
months  in  the  year  cotton  composes  the  principal  freight  of 
railways  and  shipjiing. 

The  manufacture  of  commercial  fertilizers  from  thephos- 
phatic  deposits  found  in  immense  beds  in  the  immediate 


52 


neighborhood  of  the  city,  is  the  most  important  of  the  new 
industries  which  have  grown  up  in  late  years.  The  practicaL 
value  of  these  deposits  was  recognized  about  the  year  1867, 
and  the  first  company  formed  for  their  manipulation.  Since- 
that  time  the  export  of  phosphate  rock  and  the  manufacture 
of  commercial  fertilizers  have  grown  to  such  dimensions  that 
together  they  rank  second  only  to  cotton  in  the  business- 
interests  of  Charleston. 

The  cultivation  of  rice  in  the  low  country  of  South  Carolina 
has  fallen  off  greatly,  but  Charleston  still  does  a profitable 
business  in  the  sale  and  export  of  this  staple.  Naval  stores- 
and  lumber  form  another  important  branch  of  trade  at  this 
port.  The  cultivation  of  garden  produce  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Charleston  began  in  about  I860,  when  some  20,000  pack- 
ages were  shipped  to  the  North;  now  it  forms  one  of  the- 
largest  industries  in  this  section  of  the  State-  The  farms  on 
what  is  known  as  the  “Neck,”  between  the  two  rivers,  and  ex- 
tending some  three  or  four  miles  beyond  the  city,  are  in  the 
highest  state  of  cultivation,  and  lands,  there  command  enor- 
mous prices.  This  business  is  also  carried  on  extensively  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Mount  Pleasant  and  in  St.  Andrew’s  Par- 
ish, across  the  Ashley  River, 

The  establishment  of  the  Cotton  Factory  in  Charleston  mark- 
ed an  era  in  the  industrial  history  of  the  city.  The  manifest 
advantage  ot  “bringing  the  mills  to  the  Cotton”  led  to  the 
formation  of  the  Charleston  Manufacturing  Company,  and  their 
mill,  which  opened  in  January,  1883,  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the 
Southern  country.  Having  an  excellent  local  market  for  the 
supply  of  the  raw  material  and  great  facilities  for  shipment 
of  their  ju'oduct  abroad,  this  enterprise  is  certain  of  success. 
Other  local  manufactures  have  also  progressed  rapidly. 

The  Charleston  Bagging  Factory,  for  the  manufacturing  of 
cotton  bagging,  is  eminently  su(.'cessful.  The  iron  works  give 
employment  to  many  hands  and  represent  large  capital.  All 
of  these  establishments  have  founderies  attached,  in  which  the 
heaviest  castings  are  made.  The  South  Carolina  Railway 
workshops  have  successfully  attempted  the  building  of  loco- 
motive engines,  which  have  proved  quite  equal  to  those  made 
at  the  best  Northern  manufactories. 

Many  other  smaller  trades  have  grown  up  since  the  time 
when  agriculture  and  the  business  connected  with  it  alone  en- 
gaged the  attention  of  the  people  of  the  South,  and  Charleston 
now  represents  the  varied  interests  and  pursuits  which  belong 
properly  to  the  metropolis  of  the  State. 

Three  lines  of  street  railway  traverse  the  city.  The  City 
Railway  Conqrany  runs  two,  starting  from  the  Battery,  the  lines 
run  up  Meeting  street  to  Wentworth,  where  they  divide,  one 
going  through  Wentworth  to  Rutledge,  and  through  Rut- 
ledge street  and  Rutledge  Avenue  to  Sheppard  street:  the 
other  continuing  UJ3  Meeting  to  Calhoun  street,  thence  to  King, 


through  King  to  the  same  terminus.  The  Enterprise  Eailway 
has  its  lower  terminus  at  the  foot  of  East  Bay  and  follows 
that  street  up  to  Calhoun,  thence  to  Washington,  and  through 
Chapel,  Elizabeth,  and  John  streets,  to  Meeting  street,  and  is 
continued  up  as  far  as  the  entrance  to  Magnolia  Cemetery, 
three  miles  from  the  Court  House.  This  company  has  estab- 
lished a freight  line  from  the  farms  on  the  neck,  and  the 
South  Carolina  and  North-Eastern  Railroad  depots,  to  the 
several  wharves  along  Ea.st  Bay. 

The  facilities  for  transportation  to  and  from  Charleston  are 
excellent.  The  South  Carolina,  North-Eastern  and  Savannah 
and  Charleston  Railroads,  connect  with  all  points  North  and 
and  South,  and  each  year  greater  progress  is  being  made  to- 
wards full  communication  with  the  West  and  North-West, 
which  cannot  fail  to  add  greatly  to  the  commerce  of  the 
city. 

The  Steamship  lines  are  admirably  conducted  and  do  a flour- 
ishing business;  there  are  two  lines  to  New  York,  and  one 
■each  to  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  and  the  Florida  ports,  besides 
the  steamers  which  ply  between  Charleston,  Georgetown,  Beau- 
fort, and  other  points  along  the  coast  of  the  State- 

It  remains  for  us  now  to  notice  some  of  the  public  buildings, 
whose  erection  marks  a returning  prosperity  and  some  of  the 
points  of  interest  in  and  around  tlie  city. 

The  Academy  of  Music  supplies  the  place  of  the  old  Charles- 
ton Theatre,  on  Meeting  street,  destroyed  by  the  great  fire. 
It  is  a very  ornamental  and  admirably  arranged  little  thea- 
tre, with  a capacity  for  seating  about  twelve  hundred  per- 
sons ; in  proportion  to  the  building,  the  stage  is  a very  fine 
one,  being  forty  feet  deep,  fifty-three  feet  wide,  and  fifty-one 
feet  high.  The  building  stands  at  the  corner  of  King  and 
Market  streets,  and  has  a front  of  sixty  feet,  is  two  hundred 
.and  thirty-one  feet  deep,  and  seventy-five  feet  high.  It  was 
built  for  a mammoth  dry  goods  store,  the  most  extensive 
Charleston  ever  had,  and  its  original  cost  was  one  hundred 
and  sixty  thousand  dollars.  In  1869,  it  was  purchased  by  Mr. 
John  Chadwick,  a Northerner  residing  in  Charleston,  and  the 
interior  remodelled,  making  the  theatre,  two  large  halls,  and 
a fine  score  on  the  first  floor  opening  on  King  street. 

The  property  was  purchased  some  years  ago  by  Mr.  John  E. 
Owens,  himself  an  actor,  and  is  generally  occupied  b}'  a good 
company  of  actors. 

The  Masonic  Temple,  at  the  southeast  corner  of  King  and 
Wentworth  streets,  was  erected  by  the  Masonic  fraternity  for 
their  meetings,  and  is  arranged  for  the  purpose.  The  first 
floor  is  occupied  by  three  fine  stores  fronting  on  King  street; 
in  the  rear  of  these,  on  Wentworth  street,  is  the  main  entrance 
■to  the  second  floor,  which  comprises  a large  hall,  and  the  very 
handsome  Armory  of  the  Washington  Light  Infantry,  one  of 
the  oldest  and  most  widely  known  of  the  militia  companies  of 


54 

Charleston ; above  this,  on  the  third  floor,  are  the  smaller 
lodge  rooms. 

The  Educational  Institutions  of  Charleston  have  always- 
ranked  high,  and  in  the  last  few  years  great  interest  has  been 
manifested  in  the  development  of  the  facilities  for  public  in- 
struction. The  organization  of  the  High  School  of  Charleston 
belongs  to  the  period  in  Avhich  we  have  noticed  the  Medical 
College,  the  College  of  Charleston,  and  the  Military  Academy, 
but  its  complete  reorganization  and  thorough  equipment  have 
been  accomplished  within  the  last  five  years,  and  may  be 
regarded  as  one  of  the  steps  in  the  new  progress  of  the  city. 

In  1880  the  school  was  removed  from  its  former  quarters  in 
Society  street  to  the  spacious  mansion  and  grounds  at  the  cor- 
ner of  George  and  Meeting  streets,  once  the  residence  of  the- 
late  Judge  King.  The  interior  of  the  house  was  remodelled 
and  divided  into  convenient  class  rooms,  and  a fine  gymnasium 
building  was  erected  on  the  grounds.  A full  high  school  course,, 
including  the  Greek  and  Latin  classics  and  modern  languages, 
is  taught,  and  under  its  efficient  corps  of  teachers  the  school 
has  increased  so  rapidly  that  it  has  already  become  necessary 
to  consider  the  possibility  of  enlarging  its  accommodation.s 
still  further. 

The  public  schools  deserve  special  mention.  They  grew  out 
of  the  reorganization,  in  the  year  1854,  of  the  old  system  of 
State  free  schools.  By  an  Act  of  the  Legislature,  the  Boards 
of  Commissioners  of  Free  Schools  in  the  Parishes  of  St.  Philip’s- 
and  St.  Michael’s  were  authorized  and  empowered  to  make- 
such  changes  in  the  schools  under  their  charge  as  in  their- 
judgment  w'ould  be  most  conducive  to  the  advancement  of 
educational  interests.  These  Commissioners  were  chosen  from 
among  the  most  prominent  gentlemen  in  the  community. 
They  addressed  themselves  heartily  to  their  work,  and  their 
efforts  were  rewarded  by  immediate  success.  As  years  have- 
passed,  the  system  has  developed  and  improved,  until  now  the- 
means  of  obtaining  a sound  and  thorough  education  are  open, 
to  the  children  of  every  citizen  absolutely  free  of  cost. 

The  schools  are:  the  Bennett  School,  St.  Philip  street;  the- 
Craft’s  School,  Friend  street;  the  Memminger  High  School,. 
St.  Philip  street;  the  Meeting  Street  School,  the  Morris  Street 
School,  for  colored  children,  and  the  Shaw  Memorial  School, 
also  for  colored  children,  founded  by  contributions  from  the- 
iSTorth,  but  now  incorporated  in  the  city  public  school  system. 
The  number  of  registered  pupils  is  something  over  four  thou- 
sand, of  w'hom  about  one-half  are  colored.  One  hundred: 
teachers  are  employed,  and  a special  tax  is  levied  for  the 
nraintenance  of  the  schools. 

“While  noticing  the  subject  of  education  in  Charleston,  there- 
are  two  institutions,  owing  their  establishment  to  the  energy 
and  devotion  of  private  individuals,  wdiich  cannot  be  passed 
over;  these  are  the  Holy  Communion  Church  Institute,  and 


55 


the  school  attached  to  the  Home  for  the  Mothers,  Widows 
and  Daughters  of  Confederate  Soldiers. 

The  first  was  established  in  1SG7,  by  the  Rev.  A.  Toomer 
Porter,  D.  D.,  Rector  of  the  Holy  Communion  Church,  to  pro- 
vide free  education  to  some  of  the  many  youths  throughout 
the  State,  and  especially  in  the  low  country,  who  were  without 
the  means  of  prosecuting  their  studies.  Aided  by  contribu- 
tions from  at  home  and  abroad,  the  design  prospered,  and  the 
school  has  been  one  of  the  recognized  educational  institutions 
of  the  city.  It  is  now  located  in  the  extensive  Arsenal 
buildings  and  grounds,  leased  to  the  founder  by  the  United 
States  Government.  About  two  thousand  youths  have  re- 
ceived its  benefits  since  its  opening — a part  at  a nominal  cost, 
but  a majority  as  beneficiaries. 

The  noble  charity  of  the  “ Confederate  Home,”  grew  out  of 
the  patriotic  design  of  a lady  of  Charleston  to  provide  a home 
for  the  female  relatives  and  dependents  of  the  men  who  had 
given  their  lives  and  their  fortunes  to  the  service  of  the  coun- 
try. Though  her  ])lans  met  with  hearty  and  generous  sym- 
pathy, it  cost  much  labor  and  self  sacrifice  to  make  even  a 
beginning.  But  the  difficulties  were  one  by  one  overcome, 
.and  the  Home  was  opened  in  a large  building  on  Broad  street, 
formerly  occupied  as  a hotel.  Among  its  inmates  were  a num- 
ber of  young  girls  who  were  destitute  of  the  means  of  ob- 
taining an  education,  a school  was  organized  for  them,  which 
proved  so  successful  that  it  has  now  become  the  most  promi- 
nent feature  of  the  institution.  A large  number  of  young 
ladies  have  received  there  a thorough  education,  and  the  ben- 
■efits  of  the  Home  are  so  fully  recognized  that  an  “Auxiliary 
Association  ” of  gentlemen  has  existed  for  some  years,  with 
the  design  of  pro.viding  a permanent  fund.  Large  contribu- 
tions have  been  received  from  strangers  as  well  as  the  citizens 
of  Charleston,  among  the  most  generous  donors  having  been 
the  philanthropic  Mr.  Corcoran,  of  Washington.  The  house 
which  Avas  orginally  leased,  has  been  purchased  and  it  is  now 
hoped  that  this  beautiful  Avork  of  patriotism  and  devotion  Avill 
have  a long  and  prosperous  existence. 

The  parks  and  pleasure  grounds  of  Charleston,  which 
through  the  long  years  of  Avar  and  misrule  had  fallen  greatly 
into  neglect,  have  received  the  special  attention  of  the  present 
city  administration. 

The  most  attractive  of  them  all,  and  the  favorite  Avith  the 
Uharlestonians,  is  White  Point  Garden,  a park  of  seven  acres, 
covered  Avith  grass  and  live  oak  trees,  occupying  the  extreme 
-southern  point  of  the  city,  Avhich,  Avith  the  Battery,  a broad 
-esplanade  extending  fifteen  hundred  feet  along  the  east  sea 
face  of  the  city,  and  commanding  a view  of  the  entire  harbor, 
makes  a promenade  unsurpassed  in  this  country. 

Near  the  .lasper  Monument,  Avhich  Ave  have  already  described 
is  a bronze  bust  of  Wm.  Gilmore  Simms',  Avhose  literary  repu- 


5(5 


tation  has  spread  far  beyond  the  boundaries  of  his  native  State. 
It  was  erected  thronsjh  the  efforts  of  an  association  of  gentle- 
men, oi’ganized  for  tlie  purpose  of  procuring  a suitable  monu- 
ment to  Mr.  Simms  shortly  after  his  death  in  1870.  The  bust 
is  of  heroic  size  and  is  a tine  representation  of  the  strong 
countenance  of  INIr.  Simms.  It  is  the  work  of  Mr.  J.  Q.  A. 
Ward,  of  New  York  ; the  pedestal  of  native  granite  was  de- 
signed by  Col.  E.  B.  White.  On  June  H,  1879,  the  ninth  anni- 
versary of  Mr.  Simms’  death,  the  bust  was  unveiled,  with 
appropriate  ceremonies,  and  turned  over  to  the  mayor  of  the 
city  by  a joint  committee  of  the  Simms’  Memorial  Association 
and  the  Carolina  Art  Association. 

Magnolia  Cemetery,  situated  just  beyond  the  city  boundary, 
three  miles  from  the  Court  House,  endeared  to  residents  by 
many  solemn  associations,  is  of  much  interest  to  strangers 
from  the  beauty  of  the  grounds  and  the  many  striking  memo- 
rials of  the  distinguished  sons  of  Charleston  who  rest  there. 
The  first  monument  which  arrests  the  attention  of  the  visitor 
is  that  to  the  Confederate  dead.  It  is  a finely  executed  bronze 
figure  of  a soldier  in  the  Confederate  uniform,  upon  a square 
pedestal  of  granite  20  feet  high.  Around  it  are  eight  hundred 
headstones,  marking  the  resting  place  of  soldiers  who  died  in 
the  defence  of  Charleston  and  of  a number  whose  remains 
were  brought  from  the  field  of  Gettysburg  through  the  eflbrts 
of  a lady  of  the  city.  The  Confederate  Monument  is  the  work 
of  the  women  of  Charleston,  and  is  a noble  evidence  of  their 
patriotism  and  devotion. 

Among  many  worthy  of  attention  may  be  mentioned  the 
monument  to  Col.  AVilliam  tVashington,  of  Revolutionary 
fame,  erected  by  the  Washington  Light  Infantry,  and  that  of 
Hugh  S.  Legare,  one  of  South  Carolina’s  most  gifted  sons. 

No  visitor  to  Charleston  should  leave  without  seeing  Mag- 
nolia-on-thc-Ashley,  about  fifteen  miles  from  the  city — a won- 
derfully beautiful  spot,  whose  peculiar  features  can  be  found 
no  where  else  in  the  country.  The  naturally  forest  growth, 
largely  consisting  of  live  oak  and  magnolia,  has  been  allowed 
to  remain,  and  under  and  among  these  noble  trees  broad  walks 
wind,  bordered  by  Azaleas,  twenty  and  thirty  feet  high,  which 
in  the  early  spring  are  a perfect  glory  of  color.  Foreign  trees- 
and  rare  plants  are  to  be  seen  on  every  side,  and  natui’e  and 
art  are  so  blended  in  efl'ect  that  a perfection  of  beauty  is  at- 
tained. This  garden  is  the  property  of  a private  gentleman, 
of  whose  skill  and  taste  it  is  the  result,  but  for  some  years 
arrangements  have  existed  for  its  being  ojien  to  the  public, 
and  hundreds  of  visitors  are  annually  carried  to  it  by  the 
steamer  or  railroad. 

Among  the  relics  of  early  days  in  Carolina  stands  the  parish 
Church  of  St.  Andrew’s.  This  parish  was  laid  off  in  1706,  and 
a plain  brick  church  built.  In  1723  this  was  added  to,  making 
it  in  the  form  of  a cross,  forty  feet  long  by  fifty-two  wide,  with 


57 

a lianilsome  chancel,  twelve  feet  deep  and  twenty-four  feet 
wide;  it  was  neatly  tinished,  and  had  coininodious  pews.  At 
the  west  end  was  a "allery.  originally  intended  for  those  who 
had  no  pews,  but  afterwards  appro])riated  to  the  colored  peo- 
])le.  xVt  the  east  en<i  was  a large  window,  and  another  on  each 
side  of  the  Communion  table.  This  church  was  destroyed  by 
fire,  and  rebuilt  in  1764,  and  now  remains  one  of  the  few 
which  have  escaped  the  vicissitudes  of  two  revolutions. 

Befiire  the  war  the  Parish  of  St.  Andrew’s  was  quite  pros- 
perous, and  there  were  many  fine  residences  and  rich  farms  in 
it;  but  it  suffeivd  severely,  and  the  destruction  of  the  bridge 
across  the  Aside}’’,  by  rendering  communication  with  the  city 
more  ditiicult,  has  retarded  its  revival.  The  country,  however, 
is  beautiful,  and  well  repays  the  trouble  of  a trip  into  it. 

But  by  far  the  most  interesting  spot  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Charleston  is  the  old  Church  of  St.  James’  Goosecreek,  situated 
in  the  midst  of  a beautiful  country,  surrounded  by  many  ob- 
jects which  excite  the  interest  of  the  traveller,  and  connected 
by  many  associations  with  the  history  of  the  State  in  all  its 
stages. 

This  has  the  advantage,  too,  of  being  easily  accessible  from 
the  city.  Taking  the  North-Eastern  railroad,  the  excursionist 
is  landed  at  Otranto  Station,  fifteen  miles  from  Charleston, 
on  the  grounds  of  the  Otranto  Club.  This  beautiful  place, 
with  its  delightful  residence,  was  once  the  property  of  the  well 
known  botanist,  Dr.  Garden,  the  correspondent  of  Linnaeus, 
and  after  whom  the  great  naturalist  named  our  beautiful  Gar- 
denia. 

A walk  of  about  a mile  takes  us  across  Goosecreek  bridge, 
along  a winding  road,  to  the  church,  a handsome  rough  cast 
brick  building,  a short  distance  from  the  creek.  It  has  four 
arched  windows  and  a door  on  each  side,  with  a cherub  in 
stucco,  on  each  keystone;  over  the  west  door  is  a pelican  feed- 
ing her  young;  at  the  east  end  is  a large  window,  in  front  of 
wdnch  is  the  chancel,  in  which  stand  the  altar,  pulpit,  and 
reading  desk  ; over  this  window  the  Royal  Arms  of  England 
still  stand  in  high  relief.  The  sides  of  the  altar  are  orna- 
mented with  four  Corinthian  pilasters  supporting  a cornice, 
and  between  them  are  tables  of  the  Decalogue,  Apostles’  Creed, 
and  Lord’s  Prayer.  The  roof  is  supported  by  four  Doric  col- 
umns, and  on  the  walls  are  several  marble  tablets,  in  memory 
of  the  early  members  of  the  congregation.  Among  them,  one 
commemorates  the  virtues  of  the  Hon.  Ralph  Izard,  for  many 
years  one  of  the  leading  men  of  the  State,  and  a gentleman 
of  great  ability  and  high  culture. 

A short  distance  from  the  church,  on  the  other  side  of  the 
main  road,  is  a farm,  known  as  “ The  Oaks,”  from  the  magnifi- 
cent avenue  of  those  trees  by  which  it  is  approached.  No  one 
should  leave  the  neighboidiood  without  visiting  this  avenue. 
The  trees  are  said  to  have  been  p'anted  by  one  of  the  very 


58 


earliest  settlers,  and  are,  consequently,  near  two  hundred 
}'ears  old:  they  have  attained  great  size,  and  for  nearly  a 
quarter  of  a mile  form  a continuous  arch  over  the  broad  road ; 
the  dark  foliage  of  the  live  oak  festooned  with  grey  moss,  ren- 
ders the  effect  inexpressibly  grand. 

Charleston  would  be  inc  unplete  without  her  charming  places 
of  resort,  Moultrieville,  Mount  Pleasant,  and  Summerville  ; the 
former  occupies  the  historic  groTind  of  Sullivan’s  Island.  The 
island  had  become  quite  a fashionable  resort  before  the  war, 
and  every  summer  presented  a scene  of  much  gayety  A fine 
hotel,  the  “Moultrie  House,”  stood  on  the  front  beach,  and 
was  constantly  filled  with  visitors;  there  were  many  comfort- 
able residences,  besides  the  large  number  of  houses  put  up 
for  temporary  use,  but  the  military  operations  demolished 
them,  and  at  the  end  of  the  war  there  were  not  more  than 
three  houses  standing  on  the  whole  island.  Since  that  time 
the  growth  has  been  remarkable.  The  residences  are  gene- 
rally substantial  and  costly,  and  a much  larger  portion  of  the 
island  is  covered  by  them  than  ever  before,  and  all  the  neces- 
saries and  conveniences  of  life  are  supplied  as  completely  as 
in  the  city.  AVithin  the  past  year  a Northern  capitalist  has 
erected  an  elegant  hotel,  “ The  New  Brighton,”  on  the  front 
l)each,  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  inhabited  part  of  the 
island.  This  is  in  charge  of  a gentleman  of  long  experience 
in  the  business,  and  ranks  with  the  best  sea-side  hotels  in  the 
country. 

In  rear  of  Fort  Moultrie,  near  the  sally-port,  a simple  stone 
slab  marks  the  grave  of  Oceola,  the  Seminole  chief,  whose  suf- 
ferings while  a prisoner  there  excited  much  sympathy.  The 
killing  of  Gen.  Thompson,  the  United  States  Indian  agent,  by 
him,  brought  about  the  second  Seminole  war,  and  in  it  he 
played  a conspicuous  part  Fora  long  time  he  displayed  great 
ability,  as  well  as  daring,  in  conducting  the  struggle  against 
superior  forces,  but  at  length,  on  the  28d  of  October,  1837, 
while  holding  a conference  under  a flag  of  truce  with  Gen. 
Jesup,  near  St.  Augustine,  he  was  treacherously  seized  and 
sent  lo  Fort  Moultrie  ; there  he  was  not  treated  with  severity, 
and  was,  generally,  permitted  to  walk  about  the  Island,  but  he 
c juld  not  stand  restraint,  and  literally  pined  away,  until  death 
released  him  from  his  sufferings,  on  the  3hst  of  January,  1838. 

Each  year  more  families  are  taking  up  their  residence  at 
Moultrieville  for  the  summer  and  thus  finding  an  agreeable 
retreat  from  the  city  without  the  expense  and  trouble  of  going 
far  away  from  home;  and  even  from  the  interior  of  the  State 
persons  are  coming  to  enjoy  the  salubrious  climate  and  the 
many  pleasures  which  the  island  aflbrds. 

The  beach,  nearly  a hundred  yards  wide  at  low  water,  firm 
and  shelving  very  gently,  extends  a distance  of  over  three 
miles,  and  furnishes  a delightful  drive. 

A splendid  surf  rolls  in  with  the  rising  tide,  and  the  tides 


59 


and  currents  arc  so  much  to  be  depended  on  tiiat  Sullivan's 
Island  is  recognized  as  one  of  the  safest,  as  well  as  one  of  the 
pleasantest  places  for  sea-bathing  along  the  entire  Atlantic 
coast. 

A street  railway  has  been  established,  running  from  the 
Ferry  wharf  nearly  to  the  end  of  the  inhabited  portion  of 
the  island  ; and  tliis,  with  the  improvements  which  have 
been  made  in  the  streets,  has  rendered  travel  very  easy  and 
pleasant. 

The  situation  of  the  island,  at  the  entrance  of  the  harbor,  is 
beautiful.  One  standing  on  the  beach  has  to  the  east  a view 
of  the  limitless  extent  of  the  ocean;  before  him  lies  Fort 
Sumter,  and  beyond  it  the  shores  of  Morris’  and  .James’ 
Islands;  while  to  the  west  stands  the  city,  its  fine  buildings 
and  graceful  spires  rising  from  the  bay. 

Sullivan’s  Is'and  is  endeared  to  every  Charlestonian  by  his 
pride  in  the  noble  old  fort  which  is  so  connected  with  the 
glory  of  the  State  in  its  two  revolutions,  and  by  the  recollec- 
tion of  many  happy  days  spent  there ; and  to  the  stranger  it 
is  sure  to  be  interesting,  not  only  from  its  history,  hut  also 
from  the  many  pleasures  which  may  be  had  in  the  way  of 
fishing,  surf-bathing,  driving  on  the  beach,  etc. 

Mount  Pleasant,  with  its  high  bluft'  of  yellow  sand,  and  its 
background  of  dark  foliage,  forms  a verj'  pretty  picture.  This 
village  was  originally  a summer  resort  for  the  planters  of  Christ 
Church  Parish,  but  its  healthy  climate  and  pleasant  situation 
soon  induced  a number  of  the  business  men  of  the  city  to 
adopt  it  as  a retreat.  Although  not  possessing  the  fine  beach 
and  surf  of  Sullivan’s  Island,  it  gets  as  much  of  the  cool  sea- 
breeze,  and  has  the  advantage  of  easy  access  to  the  sur- 
rounding country,  affording  pretty  walks  'and  drives,  and 
during  the  winter  season,  a fine  field  for  the  sportsman. 

The  resources  of  this  locality  are  as  yet  far  from  being  de 
veloped.  Already  market  gardening  has  become  an  importajit 
branch  of  industrj'  in  the  neighborhood,  the  easy  water  com- 
munication with  the  city  enabling  the  farmers  to  compete 
successfully  with  those  on  Charleston  Neck,  but  the  thing 
which  will  one  day  make  Mount  Pleasant  a jilace  of  import- 
ance, is  its  peculiar  fitness  for  the  establishment  of  manufac- 
tories. Large  cotton  and  other  factories,  Avhich  could  not  be 
conveniently  located  in  the  city  itself,  would  here  have  ample 
room  for  the  accommodation,  in  a healthy  localit3s  of  hundreds 
of  operatives,  and  the  perfectly  easy  access  to  the  shijiping  of 
the  port  would  render  their  being  out  of  the  city  rather  an 
advantage  than  otherwise.  There  can  be  little  doubt  that,  as 
Charleston  continues  to  grow,  and  the  necessity  of  home  man- 
ufacture becomes  more  evident,  this  plan,  Avliich  has  several 
times  already  been  discussed,  will  be  carried  into  execution. 

Perhaps  the  most  interesting  spot  at  present  in  this  little 
village  is  the  soldiers’  burying-ground.  It  contains  about  an 


60 


acre  of  ground,  in  an  elevated  situation,  and  here  lie  buried 
not  only  the  remains  of  Confederate  and  Federal  soldiers,  who 
died,  or  were  killed,  during  ihe  late  war,  but  also  those  of 
several  of  the  State  troops,  who  died  during  the  war  of  1812. 
To  the  memory  of  these  last  a monument  was  erected  many 
years  ago,  which  still  stands,  and  though  in  a somewhat  dilap- 
idated condition,  is  the  most  conspicuous  object  in  the  burial 
ground.  It  is  built  of  brick,  and  the  upper  part  is  a pyramid, 
which  rests  on  a square  foundation,  on  two  of  the  sides  of 
which  marble  slabs  are  let  in,  while  the  other  two  have  been 
covered  with  white  plaster,  to  resemble  the  marble.  One  of 
the  slabs  bears  the  following  inscription.  “On  the  18th  of 
June,  1812,  the  United  States  of  America  declared  war  against 
Great  Britain.  At  the  first  sound  of  the  trumpet  the  patriot 
soldiers  who  sleep  beneath  this  monument  tlevv  to  the  stand- 
ard of  liberty.  Here  they  fell  beneath  the  scythe  of  death. 
The  sympathies  of  the  brave,  the  tear  of  the  stranger,  and  the 
slow  dirges  of  the  camp,  attended  them  to  their  tomb  : 

“ How  sleep  the  brave  who  sin«  to  rest, 

With  all  their  country’s  wishes  blest. 

The  laurel  leaf  of- shining  green 
Will  still  around  their  tomb  be  seen.” 

The  other  side  is  inscribed  to  the  memory  of  thirteen  sol- 
diers, of  the  third  re.Timent  of  State  troops- 

Scattered  around  this  monument,  are  the  graves  of  some 
fifty  or  sixty  Confederate  soldiers. 

Mount  Pleasant  and  Sullivan’s  Island  are  easily  reached  by 
the  boats  of  the  Mount  Pleasant  and  Sullivan’s  Island  Feri-y 
Company,  which  makes  frequent  daily  trips. 

Although  spoken  of  as  summer  resorts,  these  two  places 
are  worth  visiting  at  any  time.  The  woods  around  Mount 
Pleasant  are  always  beautiful,  and  in  the  spring  are  a mass  of 
jes.samines,  whose  fragrance  fill  the  air. 

The  Island  is  to  a great  extent  deserted  in  the  winter,  but 
the  sea  breeze  is  always  mild,  and  on  a clear,  cold  day,  nothing 
is  more  exhilarating  than  a brisk  walk  on  the  beach. 

Contrasted  with  these  two  seaside  resorts,  is  Summerville, 
about  twenty-two  miles  from  Charleston,  on  the  line  of  the 
South  Carolina  Railroad,  and  in  the  midst  of  the  pine  woods. 
It  is  situated  on  a ridge  which  extends  acro.ss  from  the  Cooper 
to  the  Ashley  River,  and  which  is  remarkahle  for  its  health- 
fulness. The  climate  is  very  agreeable  ; in  winter  being  out 
of  the  influence  of  the  east  winds,  which  frequently  prevail 
on  the  coast,  the  temperature  is  mild  and  equable,  and  in  sum- 
mer, though  the  days  are  warm,  a delicious  coolness  pervades 
the  atmosphere  at  night  w'hich  ensures  refreshing  sleep. 
From  these  causes  it  is  particular! 3’  beneficial  to  invalids,  or 
persons  convalescing  from  illness.  The  village  has  been  settled 
a very  long  time,  but  like  most  places  of  the  kind,  has  grown 


61 


slowly.  It  has  now,  however,  reached  quite  a respectable  size. 
The  houses  are  built  far  apart,  so  that  each  one  is  perfectly 
private,  and  like  a country  residence- 

The  many  advantages  which  Summerville  possesses  are 
being  rapidly  realized,  and  each  year  the  population  is  in- 
creasing. There  are  several  excellent  boarding  houses,  which 
are  generally  full.  Churches  of  all  the  religious  denominations, 
good  schools  and  a well  supplied  market,  furnish  all  the  re- 
quisites for  comfortable  and  pleasant  living,  and  many  families, 
induced  by  these  advantages,  and  by  the  cheapness  of  house 
rents,  are  taking  up  their  residence  there.  As  the  South  Car- 
olina Eailroad  run§  special  trains  for  the_  accommodation  of 
the  residents,  it  is  perfectly  convenient  for  business  men,  who 
find  it  a great  relief,  after  the  fatigues  of  a day  in  the  city,  to 
retreat  to  the  quiet  of  Summerville. 

The  country  around  abounds  with  game,  and  the  Summer- 
ville men  have  always  been  renowned  as  hunters,  and,  al- 
though situated,  as  we  have  said,  in  a pine-barren,  there  are 
many  pretty  walks  and  drives  about  the  village,  and  on  the 
banks  of  the  Ashley,  about  four  miles  off,  some  spots  of  great 
beauty. 

We  have  endeavored  to  point  out  the  prominent  features  of 
interest  in  and  around  Charleston,  not  only  for  the  benefit  of 
strangers,  but  also  for  the  citizens  themselves,  a large  number 
of  whom  are  quite  unaware  of  the  resources  of  their  own 
home.  Since  the  war  especially,  when  the  struggle  for  exist- 
ence has  been  all  engrossing,  many  valuable  public  institutions 
have  been  neglected,  not  intentionally,  but  because  they  have 
been  overlooked  ; and  many  sources  of  amusement  and  in- 
terest lost  sight  of,  Avbich  would  help  our  people  to  bear  their 
labors  more  cheerfully,  to  entertain  their  friends  from  abroad 
more  easily  and  pleasantly,  and  to  avoid  the  necessity,  when 
a little  relaxation  from  business  cares  is  needed,  of  taking  an 
expensive  and  troublesome  journey  to  obtain  it. 

Necessarily  in  such  a brief  sketch,  much  has  been  omitted, 
both  in  the  history  and  description  of  Charleston,  which 
would  be  interesting  and  instructive;  but  our  chief  object 
will  have  been  accomplished,  if  we  shall  have  succeeded  in 
merely  indicating  the  sources  from  which  information  and 
amusement  may  be  obtained. 


A SKETCH 


OF  THE  HISTORY,  ORIGIN  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF 
THE  SOUTH  CAROLINA  PHOSPHATES. 

(compiled  by  a.  e.  gueraed,  a.  e.  s.  m.) 

Among  the  many  objects  of  interest  which  are  to  be  seen  in 
the  neigliborhood  of  Charleston,  the  most  interestintr,  perhaps, 
to  the  scientific  observer,  as  well  as  the  most  useful  to  man- 
kind, are  the  remarkable  phosphate  deposits  and  the  immense 
fertilizer  works  which  are  here  engaged  in  converting  the 
crude  rock  into  artificial  manures.  And  certainly  no  hand- 
book or  guide  to  the  city  of  Charleston  would  be  complete 
without  a sketch  of  the  history,  origin  and  development  of 
the  phosphates  which  occur  in  its  vicinity,  and  form  now  its 
largest  and  most  important  industry. 

THE  HISTORY  OF  THE  DISCOVERY'. 

South  Carolina_,  sometimes  known  as  Charleston  phosphate, 
was  discovered  in  the  latter  part  of  1867,  at  a place  cp.llcd 
“Lambs,”  about  twelve  miles  above  Charleston,  on  the  Ashley 
River.  The  marls  of  Carolina  appear  to  have  been  known 
and  identified  by  geologists  as  far  back  as  1797.  In  1832  atten- 
tion was  drawn  by  Mr.  Ruffin,  of  Virginia,  to  the  fact  that 
these  marls  w'ere  valuable  as  a fertilizer  ; and  in  1848  Tuomey, 
in  his  Geological  Report  of  South  Carolina,  speaks  of  irregular 
and  water-worn  fragments  of  marl  stones,  found  in  the  Asliley 
River  marl-beds,  and  claims  for  these  a value  far  above  the 
Virginia  marls,  because  they  contained  from  1 to  10  per  cent,  of 
phosphate  of  lime.  In  1850  Prof.  Holmes,  of  Charleston,  read 
a paper  before  the  “ American  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science,”  in  which  he  described  nodules  of  marl  rock, 
referring  to  them  as  “ siliceous  ” masses.  So-called  “ rocks  ” or 
“stones,”  found  lying  on  the  surface  of  the  land, or  turned  up 
in  ploughing,  were  well  knowui  to  old  planters  on  the  coast.  But 
it  is  evident  that,  though  these  rocks  or  nodules  w'ere  long 
an  object  of  scientific  investigation  and  local  curiosity,  the  true 
nature  and  chemical  composition  of  the  Carolina  jiho.sphates 
Yvere  as  yet  unknown  and  unsuspected.  It  was  not  until  1867 
that  the  late  Dr.  St.  Julien  Ravenel,  of  Charleston,  upon  re- 
ceiving some  specimens  of  these  nodules,  recognized  their 
value,  and  pointed  out  their  agricultural  importance.  The 
deposit  in  situ  was  discovered  by  Prof.  F.  S.  Holuies,  who,  with 
Dr.  Ravenel  and  Dr.  Pratt,  of  Atlanta,  shares  the  credit  of  a 
discovery  which  has  proved  and  must  continue  to  be  a source 
of  wealth  to  South  Carolina,  and  a benefit  to  agriculture,  both 
in  this  country  and  in  Europe,  the  importance  of  which  (annot 
be  estimated.  It  may  seem  strange  that  the  value  of  this  de- 
]iosit  should  not  have  been  recognized  before,  when  it  was 
lying  here,  seen,  but  neglected,  under  the  very  eyes  of  geolo- 


63 


grists  and  chemists  some  time  after  the  agricultural  use  of 
phosphate  of  lime  was  kirowii  to  the  world.  But  South  Caro- 
iii'.a.  before  the  war,  being  in  a state  of  agricultural  prosperity, 
’I  \re  was,  doubtless,  less  importance  attached  to  this  matter 
. h.,i  ' 'vould  otherwise  have  been  the  case  ; and  as  usual  it  was 
necessity  of  effort,  the  demand  for  a means  of  livelihood, 

■ r.ich  led  to  the  great  discovery.  B3"  that  wonderful  provision 
i nature,  which  so  often  awes  and  impre.^ses  us,  the  aid  was 
given,  the  supply  wus  furnished,  when  the  demand  was 
greatest. 

"The  first  company  organized  to  excavate  the  phosphates  was 
tlvv  h’harleston  Mining  and  Manufacturing  Company,  which 
v.'.s  formed  with  Uforthern  capital,  furnished  by  Messrs.  Geo. 
I',  Lewis  and  Frederick  Klett.  The  first  shipment  of  this  com- 
V ay  was  sixteen  tierces  by  steamer  Falcon,  consigned  to  Geo. 
I).  Lewis,  Philadelphia,  Penn.  The  manufacture  of  commercial 
fertilizers,  under  the  chemical  superintendence  of  Dr.  St.  J. 
davenel,  had  begun  in  Charleston  shortly  before  this,  using 
the  iSavassa  phosphate  as  a source  of  phosphoric  acid.  Hence- 
forth native  phosphate  was  substituted  for  the  Navassa  phos- 
I'liate,  and,  under  Dr.  Eavenal’s  direction,  new  fertilizer  works 
were  put  up  to  utilize  the  phosphate  which  was  now  being 
'uined  at  home. 

OCCURRENCE  AND  CHARACTER  OF  THE  PHOSPHATE  DEPOSIT. 

The  phosphate  deposit  occurs  in  beds  or  strata  of  rough 
■licsses  or  nodules,  of  a size  varying  from  a part  of  an  inch  to 
sc\  eral  feet  in  diameter,  and  is  associated  with  numerous  fossil 
r ^.aes  and  teeth.  It  is  found  on  the  bottoms  of  the  shallow 
creeks  and  rivers  which  intersect  the  coast,  and  on  the  low 
la.ids  which  form  a belt  of  country  running  parallel  to  and 
from  ten  to  fifty  miles  from  the  seaboard.  The  beds  are  from 
i'<  iO  20  odd  inches  in  thickness,  and  the  limit  of  a workable 
deposit  is  8 feet  under  ground,  or  20  feet  under  water.  The 
'vposphatic  nodulesare  known  as  land  or  river  rock,  according 
to  the  element  in  which  they  are  found.  The  average  yield 
of  the  land  deposit  is  600  to  800  tons  per  acre,  and  though 
s. ‘inetimes  occurring  in  “ pockets,”  that  is,  irregularly,  these 
•AC-pyOsits  are  remarkably  uniform,  mant’  contiguous  acres  often 
contiiining  a phosphate-bearing  stratum  at  an  accessible  depth. 
Ttie  river  rock,  having  been  washed  into  the  rivers  from  the 
jar.d,  has  occasionally  accumulated  in  thicker  beds  than  the 
■jriginal  deposit  of  land  rock.  The  river  rock  is  obtained  by 
dredging,  chiefly  in  the  Bull,  Stono  and  Coosaw  Rivers  ; the 
laud  rock  is  dug  mainly  in  the  section  of  countrj^  lying  be- 
ti'ceu  the  Ashley  and  Stono  Rivers,  and  Rantowle’s  Creek. 
Kxtensive  strata  of  excellent  quality  are  also  known  on  the 
banks  of  the  Edisto,  and  between  the  Edisto  and  Ashepoo 
Rivers,  but  this  deposit  has  not  v'et  been  worked  to  any  extent. 
About  and  below  Beaufort  occur  a number  of  very  heavy  beds 
of  river  rock,  but  generally  of  lower  grade. 


G4 


The  land  rock  is  li<ihter  in  color  than  that  found  undei 
water  or  marsh  mud,  the  I'ormer  liaving  a yellowish  or  latk 
brown  color,  the  latter  a dark  gray  or  bluish  black.  The  viver 
rock  is  considerably  hai'der.than  that  occurring  in  the  land 
deposit,  hut  either  variety  may  be  readily  ground  to  a povvdei’ 
so  fine  that  it  floats  in  the  air  (so-called  floats).  Carolina 
phosphate  gives  out,  when  rubbed,  a peculiar  fetid  odor,  the 
denser  it  is,  the  more  conspicuous  the  odor,  due  to  the  pres- 
ence of  oi’ganic  matter.  It  is  very  porous,  some  of  it  hcii  g 
capable  of  absorbing  15  or  20  per  cent,  of  water.  The  suiface 
of  the  nodules  is  frequently  indented  with  holes  and  cavities 
naturally  filled  with  clay  and  sand,  which  require  to  he  care- 
fully washed  out ; when  the  washing  is  inijjerfectly  perlbi  mi-d 
the  phosphate  is  of  lower  quality.  Carolina  phosphate  is  r - 
markably  uniform  in  composition,  containing,  on  an  average, 
from  55  to  (51  ])er  cent,  tricalcic  jihosphate,  and  from  5 to  1 1 
per  cent  of  carbonate  of  lime.  Among  its  other  constitueuls 
are  silica,  oxide  of  iron,  fluorine,  sulphuric,  acid,  trace,?  of 
alumina  and  magnesia,  water  and  organic  matter. 

ORIGIN  OF  THE  PHOSPIIATIC  DEPOSIT. 

The  question  of  the  origin  of  the  phosphate  of  lime  in  thi.-. 
deposit  has,  as  yet,  received  too  little  study  to  afford  a 
factory  theory.  But  it  awakens  such  general,  as  well  as  sc  'u- 
tific  interest,  in  the  mind-<  of  all  who  have  seen  or  heard  of  ‘ he 
deposit,  that  it  may  not  be  amiss  to  state,  briefly,  the  sev.-ra,, 
hypotheses  which  have  been  advanced.  One  of  these  as- 
sumes that  the  fragments  of  marl  were  charged  with  the 
sweepings  from  guano  beds  formed  above  them  by  tlie  co  ■ 
gregation  there,  at  some  past  period,  of  vast  flocks  of  b'"d' 
in  this  case  bones  of  the  birds  should  be  among  the  fc  .oi- 
preserved  in  the  deposit,  but  no  such  remains  have  been  feuna. 
Another  theory  supposes  that  as  the  remains  of  numerc.'ic-  e.’  - 
tinct  animals,  such  as  the  mastodon,  elephant,  megathei  .•■i, 
tapir,  deer,  hor.se,  etc.,  occur  assoilated  with  the  beds,  imii  • ::.se 
herds  of  these  animals  must  have  collected  at  one  time  ; nu 
shallow  salt  licks  or  lagoons,  formed  during  a partial  .sub- 
mergence of  the  coast,  in  which  the  nodules  of  marl  wc  ■ h-f! 
upon  the  recession  of  the  sea,  and  that  the  phosphori  ■ cu-l,! 
derived  from  their  bones  and  excrements  brougld  about  In  ■ 
change  in  the  marl.  It  is  objected  to  this  theory  that  the  pla  -.'s 
where  the  most  bones,  etc., are  found  are  not  the  riche.st  in  pi.os- 
phate,  and  while  it  is  by  no  means  probable  that  the  no-i  ' 
were  in  all,  or  even  in  most  instances  formed  where  the;, 
at  jiresent  found,  it  is  difficult  to  suppose  that  agencies  of  s'cci, 
local  and  restricted  character  as  salt  licks  could  accour  ’ ’■  u. 
the  conversion  of  so  great  a mass  of  material,  over  an.  a)'.-,  -o 
extensive  as  that  presented  by  the  phosphate  formation'  r:'; 
a similar  deposit  found  at  a depth  of  seventy  feet  in  the  'c- 
sion  well  borings  in  Charleston  could  not  be  explained  i ; li'- 
way.  The  most  plausible  theory  advanced  as  an  explai. 


of  the  formation  of  these  nodales  is  that  certain  marine  or- 
franisms,  or  mollusks,  ]iossess  the  power  of  secreting  phos- 
phoric acid  from  sea-water,  and  tliat  throngh  them  the  marl, 
and  especially  the  uijper  sti-ata,  became  cliarged  with  a certain 
amount  of  phosphate  of  lime.  That  the  jiroportion  of  the 
])liOsphate  of  lime  thus  obtained  to  the  whole  body  of  thesu- 
perflcial  layers  of  the  marl  was  afterwards  increased  ; first,  by 
the  removal  of  a considerable  amount  of  carbonate  of  lime, 
rendered  soluble  by  the  percolation  through  it  of  rain  water 
containing  carbonic  acid,  derived  from  the  decomjtosition  of 
vegetable  matter  in  the  soil  overlaying  the  marl ; second,  by  a 
well  known  proneness  of  phosphoric  acid,  when  diffusely  dis- 
tributed, to  concentrate  and  to  give  rise  to  concretionary  pro- 
cesses similar  to  those  observed  in  the  flint  nodules  and"  peb- 
bles of  the  English  chalk,  and  in  other  formations.  This 
theory  agrees  with  the  dillhsed  occurrence  of  phosphate  of 
lime  in  the  superficial  layers  of  the  marl,  as  well  as  with  the 
fact  that  the  upper  layers  of  the  dei)Osits  and  the  outside  of 
the  nodules  are  the  richest  in  phosphate.  It  substitutes  for  a 
local  cause  a general  one,  commensurate  at  once  with  the  wide 
area  occupied  by  the  phosphate  rock,  and  by  the  phosphatic 
marls  of  the  South  Atlantic  sea  board.  Such  a cause  also 
might  have  been  in  operation  ages  ago,  when  the  layers  of 
phosphate  rock  found  in  the  artesian  Avell  borings  were  form- 
ing; and  it  may  l)e  in  operation  now,  as  the  dj’edging  work  of 
the  United  States  Coast  Survey  shows  that  the  marls  accumu- 
lating at  the  depth  of  200  fathoms  on  the  floor  of  the  Gulf 
Stream,  between  Florida  and  Cuba,  contain  a considerable 
percentage  of  phosphate  of  lime,  (see  Hand  Book  of  State  of 
South  Carolina,  and  Emmons’  report  to  Pacific  Guano  Com- 
pany, fS7(i). 

THE  WOEKINCt  of  THE  LAND  DEPOSIT. 

Having  carefully  examined  the  land  for  phosphate,  its  depth, 
thickness  of  statum,  etc.,  a field  is  selected  and  drained  by 
means  of  trenches,  technically  known  as  “line  pits,”  dug  around 
the  tract  and  reaching  below  the  level  of  the  rock  bed.  This  field 
is  about  600  yards  wide,  and  made  as  long  as  possible  for  trans- 
portation of  the  rock  dug  A tram-road  for  horse,  or  steam, 
is  constructed  through  the  midst  of  the  field  in  its  length,  and 
then,  commencing  at  the  “ line  pits  ” and  working  in  towards 
the  tram,  pits  measuring  6 by  12  feet,  are  sunk  in  long  par- 
alled  lines.  The  superincumbent  earth  is  thrown  up  with 
shovels  behind  the  men,  and  the  phosphate  rock  dug  out 
with  picks  and  cast  on  the  untouched  ground  in  front.  When 
trees  are  in  the  field  they  are  undermined  and  thrown  over 
on  the  ' le  which  has  already  been  excavated.  The  rock  is 
rolled  from  the  pits  in  barrows  and  dumped  on  platforms  on 
the  roadside,  whence  it  is  loaded  into  cars  for  transportation 
to  the  washers.  The  labor  on  the  phosphate  fields  is  iierformed 


61) 


almost  ultogetlier  by  negroes,  sometimes  convict  labor  being- 
employed.  Italians  have  occasionally  been  imported  as  laboi'- 
ers,  but  they  have  not  been  found  to  do  the  work  required  as 
well  as  the  blacks,  who  alone  can  stand  the  hot  suns  and 
malaria  of  the  phosphate  swam]>s  'in  summer.  The  hands  are 
not  generally  paid  by  the  day,  but  by  the  foot  dug,  the  price 
being  in  most  mines  twenty-live  cents  a foot  for  a pit  of  G by 
12  feet,  the  rolling  of  the  rock  inclusive.  At  this  wages  they 
make  about  a dollar  a day  on  the  average,  sometimes  more 
and  sometimes  less,  according  to  the  character  of  the  land,  and 
depth  of  rock  from  the  surface.  I.and  miners  have  not  con- 
sidered it  prolitable  to  work  deposits  at  a greater  depth  than 
eight  feet  beneath  the  surface. 

The  clay,  sand,  &c  adhering  to  the  rock,  which  amounts  to 
one-half  or  two-thirds  of  the  whole  mass,  are  removed  by 
washing.  The  crude  rock  as  it  comes  from  the  pit  is  carried 
to  the  washers,  large  heavy  pieces  of  machinery  worked  by 
steam,  and  situated  near  some  creek  or  river  where  there  is 
an  ample  sujrply  of  water.  The  i-or-k  is  here  passed  first 
through  roller  crushers  armed  with  steel  teeth,  which  break 
u])  the  larger  nodules  to  a uniform  size  of  not  more  than  four 
inches  in  diameter.  These  then  fall  into  long  wooden  troughs 
(jr  tubs  resting  on  a slight  incline  through  which  resolve  Avooden 
shafts  furnished  with  iron  teeth  fixed  in  the  form  of  a spiral 
screw.  The  nodules  being  forced  by  the  screw  up  the  incline 
against  a strong  stream  of  water  arc  rubbed  one  on  the  other 
until,  cleansed  of  all  clay  etc.,  they  are  throAvn  out  at  the  open 
end  of  the  tub  After  being  screened  they  are  then  transport- 
ed to  the  dry-sheds,  or  dumped  outside  the  washer  building. 

The  land  deposits  are  owned  by  companies  or  individuals, 
or  are  leased  upon  a ro3Uilty  for  a term  of  j'ears. 

THE  woRicrxc.  or  the  river  deposit. 

'L'he  river  dejiosit  is  now  Avorked  principally  by  dredging; 
but  some  years  ago  before  the  shalloAver  creeks  Avere  ex- 
hausted of  rock,  large  quantities  of  phosphate  Avere  raised  bj’ 
“ Handpicking,”  “ Tongsing”  and  ‘‘  Diving.”  “ Handpicking” 
Avas  resorted  to  in  sucli  deposits  as  run  (Iry  at  Ioav  water,  and 
consisted  in  loosening  the  nodules  by  means  of  the  pick  and 
croAV-bar,  and  tbroAving  them  into  flat  boats  to  be  carried  to 
tbe  shore.  ‘‘ Tongsing- ” Avas  the  term  applied  to  raising  such 
deposits  as  Avere  too  deep  to  be  handpicked,  but  Avhich  were 
Avithin  reach  of  the  oyster  tongs.  Diving  was  occasionall.y 
practiced  by  the  negroes  in  summer  in  Avater  from  6 to  10  feet 
deep,  to  bring  up  large  loose  nodules,  which  Avere  too  heavy  to 
lift  with  the  tongs.  These  apparently  primitive  methods  of 
Avorking  ansAvered  admirably  as  long  as  the  deposits  Avere 
shalloAV  and  labor  cheap;  but  it  Avas  not  long  before  the  more 
poAverful  appliances  of  steam  and  machineiy  came  into  use. 

very  large  portion  of  the  Carolina  phosphate,  and  by  far 
the  largest  portion  of  the  river  deposits,  are  noAV  raised  by 


67 


■dredging  from  deeji  waters,  where  the  nodules  lie  on  the  bot- 
tom sometimes  covered  by  a layer  of  sand  and  mud  several 
feet  in  thickness.  The  dredges  heretofore  employed  have 
been  found  to  work  best  in  not  more  than  twelve  feet  water, 
twenty  feet  being  the  limit.  At  this  depth  they  are  able  to 
tear  up  the  thickest  and  hardest  phosiihate  beds ; and  under 
favorable  circumstances  as  much  as  100  tons  of  rock  a day  have 
been  raised  to  the  dredge.  The  dredge,  which  is  the  ordinary 
single  machine,  emi)ties  the  mass  of  nodules,  marl,  sand,  mud, 
shells,  etc.,  on  a lioating  washer  of  simpler  though  similar  con- 
struction to  that  employed  for  wasliing  land  rock.  The  clean 
rock  is  loaded  into  "lighters”  or  barges,  and  transjiorted  to 
■dry-sheds  on  shore. 

Several  elforts  have  recently  Ireen  made  with  specially 
adapted  machines  to  raise  the  deposit  lying  at  greater  depths, 
and  in  larger  cpiantity  than  the  ordinary  dredge  can  do,  but  so 
far  none  of  these  attempts  have  been  successful.  At  the  present 
time  there  are  two  immense  dredging  machines  in  progress  of 
construction  which  are  calculated  to  do  more  and  better  work 
than  has  yet  been  done,  but  these  machines  are  not  at  work, 
and  no  opinion,  therefore,  can  be  formed  of  them.  There  is  no 
doubt,  however,  that  the  more  inaccessible  deposits  will  be 
excavated  whenever  the  demand  for  phosphate  is  sufficient  to 
necessitate  the  supply,  and  though  that  day  may  not  yet  have 
arrived,  it  is  not  so  far  distant. 

One  ot  the  most  important  operations  in  the  preparation  of 
phosphate -rock  for  market  is  tlie  drying  of  it,  though  it  is  one 
which  has  been  much  neglected  by  t)hosr>hate  miners.  The 
river  rock  has  long  been  dried  for  foreign  shipment  in  order  to 
lessen  the  cost  of  freight,  and  to  raise  the  per  centage  of  phos- 
phate of  lime  in  the  rock.  But  land  rock,  which  has  been  chief- 
ly consumed  at  home,  is  seldom  dried  even  now  to  less  than  six 
■or  seven  per  cent,  of  water,  and  contains  often  as  much  as  ten 
I^er  cent.,  the  local  Fertilizer  works  purchasing  the  rock  wet 
and  drying  it  as  needed 

The  most  satisfactory  method  of  drying  employed  so  far  is 
the  hot-air  process,  sun  diying  being  too  slow  and  uncertain  to 
be  efficacious,  and  other  methods  tried  having  proved  too 
■expensive  on  the  large  scale.  A hot  blast  of  air  is  forced  by  a 
fan  through  perfoiated  iron  pipes  into  a brick  kiln  or  dry-shed ; 
into  these  sheds  which  hold  500  tons  and  over,  the  wet  rock  is 
dumped  upon  the  }>ipes,  over  which  are  sometimes  laid  logs  ot 
wood  to  aid  in  distributing  the  heat  through  the  mass.  In 
this  way  500  tons  can  be  dried  in  thirty-six  hours  to  from  one 
to  three  per  cent,  of  moisture.  This  process  would  seem  to 
■entail  a great  waste  of  heat  and  fuel,  but  it  answers  suff.ciently 
well  in  practice,  and  as  long  as  wood  is  cheap  is  more  eco- 
nomical than  any  other. 

The  river  miners  work  under  charters  from  the  State,  which 
grant  them  a general  right  to  work  a specified  territory  with 
■any  other  comers,  or  under  an  exclusive  right  to  such  territo- 


68 


ry.  In  eitlier  case  they  pay  a royalty  to  the  State  of  $1.00  for 
every  ton  of  rock  raised. 

Number  and  Names  of  Companies  Mining  Phosphate  Kock. 


The  followino;  list  gives  the 

jiresent  engaged  in  mining  lam 
Land  Mining  Companies. 

(l.j  Charleston  Mining  and 
Manufactn  ring  Co.  ( W orks 
on  ,\shley  liiver,  near 
Charleston  ) 

(2.)  Gregg’s  hhosjihate  IMines. 
(Works  on  Ashley  River, 
near  Charleston.) 

(3.)  Pinckney’s  Phosphate 
Mines-  (Works  on  Ashley 
River,  near  Cliarleston.) 

(4.)  Rose  Phosphate  Mining 
ami  Manufacturing  Co, 
(Works  on  Ashley  River, 
near  Charleston.) 

(5.)  Pacific  Guano  Co.  (Works 
on  Bull  River.) 

(G.)  St.  Andrew’s  Phosi>hate 
Mining  Co.  (Works  on 
Stono  River.) 

(7.)  Wando  Phosphate  Mines. 

( Works  on  Ashley  River, 
near  Charleston. ) 

(8.)  Bradley’s  Phosphate 
Mines.  { Works  on  Ran- 
towles’  Creek,  near  Char- 
leston.) 

(9.)  Drayton  & Co.’s  Phosphate 
Mines.  (Works  on  Ashley 
River,  near  Charleston.) 

(lO.)Bolton  Phosphate  Mines, 
(Works  on  Stono  River, 
near  Charleston.) 

(ll.)Chisolm  Phosphate  Mines. 
(Works  on  Ashley  River, 
near  Charleston.) 

(12.)Fi  sh  b u r n e Phos23hate 
Mines.  (Works on  Ashley 
River,  near  Charleston.) 

(13.)Pon-pon  Phosphate  Mines 
(Works  on  Edisto  River.) 

(14.)D  o tt  e r e r ’ s Phosphate 
Mines.  (Works  on  Church 
Creek,  near  Charleston.) 


names  of  the  Companies  at- 

1 and  river  rock  ; 

River  Mining  Companies. 

(1.)  Coosa  w Mining  Co.. 
( "Works  on  Coosaw  River, 
near  Beaufort.) 

(2.)  Oak  Point  .Mines  Co. 
(AVorks  on  Wimbee  Creek,, 
near  Beaufort.) 

(3.)  Sea  Island  Chemical  Co. 
(Works  on  Beaufort 
River.) 

(4,)  Farmer’s  Phosphate  Co- 
(IVorks  on  Coosaw  River.) 

(5.)  Hume  Bros.  & Co.  (Works- 
on  Beaufort  River.) 

In  addition  to  these  the 
following  individuals  are- 
mining  on  a smaller  scale- 
on  general  rights : 

(6.)  David  Roberts.  (On  W’im- 
bee  Creek.) 

(7.)  .1.  W.  Seabrook-  (On  Mor- 
gan Biver.) 

(8.)  •).  M.  Crofut.  (On  Beau- 
fort River.) 

(0.)  J.  DeB.  & J.  Seabrook. 
(On  Parrot  Creek.) 

(lO.)Willis  Wilkinson.  (On 
Stono  River.) 

(11)J.  G.  Taylor.  (On  Parrot 
Creek.) 


The  Land  ^Mining  Companies  ensjaged  employ  a capital  of 
$1,980,000;  1,286  hands,  with  |363,560  wages,  'iheir  products 
;amount  to  $1,283,830. 

The  River  Mining  Companies  engaged  employ  a capital  of 
.$525,000;  649  hands,  with  $259,300  wages.  Their  products 
.amount  to  $907,170. 

The  total  capital  employed  is  $2,505  000;  number  of  hands, 
4,935;  wages,  $622  860;  products,  $2,190,000. 

(See  Hand  Book  of  State.) , 

Mined  and  Shipped. 

The  following  table  gives  the  total  amount  of  phosphate 
Tock  mined  and  shi])ped  since  the  discovery  of  the  South 
■Carolina  deposits : 


1868-70 

Tons. 
...  20,000 

1878 

'I’ONS. 

210  000 

1871 

..  .50,000 

1879 

200,000 

1872 

..  60,000 

1880 

1 90,000 

1873 

...  90,000 

188! 

265,000 

1874 

...100,000 

1882 

330,000 

1875 

...115,000 

1883 

355,000 

1876 

...135,000 

1884 

409,000 

1877 

Total 

..165,000 

2,699,000 

'Of  this  amount  : 
River  Rock 

Tons. 
1,229,170 

I>and  Rock 

1,469,830 

Total 

2,699,000 

This  amount  at  the  very  moderate  average  of  six  dollars  per 
iton  has  given  to  the  State  $10,149,000,  of  which  the  State  has 
been  benefited  by  a royalty  of  $1,229,170. 

The  cost  of  production  per  ton  varies.  It  is  estimated  at 
$4.50,  including  the  payment  of  ro3mltj’'  and  other  expenses. 
Upwards  of  one  hundred  thousand  tons  of  crude  rock  are  an- 
nually consumed  bv  the  fertilizer  manufactories  of  South 
Carolina. 

The  value  of  the  phosphate  now  annually  mined  is  $2,500,- 
‘000.  The  royalty  paid  to  the  State  in  1884  was  $153,797,02, 
being  one  dollar  per  ton  paid  as  moved  by  the  marine  com- 
panies. The  taxes  levied  on  the  product  of  the  land  com- 
panies, and,  the  heavy  tax  on  the  fertidzer  manufacturers  are 
■exclusive  of  this  large  amount  of  revenue. 

See  Annual  Report  of  News  and  Courier,  and  View  of  the 
.(Industrial  Life  of  the  State.) 


70 


THE  EXTENT  OF  THE  rilOSPHATE  DErOSJT. 

No  systematic  survey,  determining  tlie  extent  of  these. 
<lejiosits,  has  yet  been  attempted.  The  only  information  on 
tliis  head  comes  from  prospectors,  seeking  easily  accessible 
rock  in  localities  convenient  for  shipment.  Widely  varying 
estimates  as  to  the  quantity  of  tiie  rock  liave  been  ventured. 
Some  have  placed  it  as  higli  as  live  hundred  millions  of  tons, 
and  others  as  lo'w  as  live  millions.  The  latter  is  the  estimate 
of  Dr.  C.  LI.  Shepard,  Jr.,  who  has  prepared  a map  of  the  region, 
lie  traced  the  deposit  over  240,000  acres,  and  estimates  the 
accessible  rock  as  covering  only  about  10,000  acres.  Even  tliis 
e.stimated  area  at  800  tons  per  acre,  whicli  he  gives  as  an  aver- 
age, should  yield  8,000,000  tons.  But  if  we  examine  a single 
mining  region,  as  that  for  instance  occupied  by  the  Coosaw 
Company,  we  must  conclude  that  he  has  very  greatly  underes- 
timated the  amount.  This  Company  has  the  exclusive  right  to 
a territory  of  about  0,000  acres  in  Coosaw  Rivei’,  besides  the 
adjacent  marshes  yet  une.xplored  Everywliere  the  river  bot- 
tom is  covered  with  rock,  which  for  the  most  part  forms  a solid 
sheet,  varying  from  eight  inches  to  one  and  one-half  feet  in 
thickness.  Taking  the  lesser  thickness,  we  have,  with  a spe- 
cific gravity  of  2.5,  after  subtracting  twenty-five  per  cent, 
for  loss  in  washing  or  drying,  something  more  than  1,700 
tons  to  the  acre,  which  would  give  for  the  river  territory  alone 
belonging  to  this  one  Company  something  more  than  ten  mil- 
lions of  tons.  And  in  effect  this  Company  (which  is  the  only 
thoroughly  equipped  river  mining  company  now  at  work, 
1881,)  consider  in  spite  of  their  large  plant  * * * * * 

that  their  supply  of  material  is  practically  unlimited.  (Hand 
Book  of  the  State.) 

COMPETITION  FRO-M  OTHER  QI'ARTERS. 

But  it  may  be  asked,  is  our  little  State  the  sole  possessoi'  of 
these  phosphate  beds;  or  have  we  to  fear  competition  from  other 
quarters?  Tiie  deiiosits  of  iihosphate  rock  have  been  found  at 
various  points  along  the  South  Atlantic  Coast,  reaching  from 
North  Carolina  to  Florida,  and  also  in  Alabama.  But  these 
deposits  have  not  yet  been  sufficiently  developed  to  compete 
with  the  South  Carolina  phosphate,  and  will  probably  not  come 
into  the  market  until  our  deposits  are  nearly  exhausted.  There 
are  numerous  j)hosphate  deposits  in  Europe,  among  'whicli 
may  be  mentioned  the  Si);mish  Phosphorite.'the  Canadian 
Apatite,  the  Bordeaux  and  Nassau  piiosj)hates,  the  English 
and  French  Coprolites,  the  Belgian  phosi)hates,  the  Navassa 
phosphate,  and  the  Guanoes  of  the  Islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean; 
but  none  of  these  phosphates,  though  some  are  much  richer 
than  ours,  .can  at  present  compete  with  us  in  accessibility, 
cheapness  and  unifoi’in  cpiality.  Occasionally  there  are  ru- 
mors of  vast  deposits  being  discovered  in  Russia,  in  the  Pacific 


71 


Islands,  etc.;  but  so  far  the  South  Carolina  phosphate  forms 
the  back  boiie,  so  to  speak,  of  the  phosphate  industry  not  only 
of  America,  but  of  Ens-land.  And  it  should  be  remembered, 
moreover,  that  even  should  we  meet  with  competition  abroad 
.and  thus  lose  the  foreign  trade  in  phosphate,  which  is  now 
very  large,  our  home  trade  is  ever  on  the  increase,  and  that  it 
as  to  the  Western  and  Southwestern  States  of  the  Union  that 
we  should  look  for  our  future  field  of  consumption.  In  this 
field,  at  any  rate,  we  need  hardlv  fear  competition  as  long  as 
these  deposits  can  supply  the  demand. 

THE  M.VXUF.VCITRE  OF  COJIMEI'CI.^L  FERTILIZERS. 

The  gigantic  manufacture  of  artificial  manures  is  based  on 
the  treatment  of  phosphate  of  lime  with  sulphuric  acid,  by 
which  the  phosphate  of  calcium  is  decomposed,  sulphate  of 
calcium  formed,  and  the  phosphoric  acid  converted  into  a 
soluble  acid  calcium  salt  (a  superphosphate),  or  else  reduced  to 
the  free  state.  The  suggestion  to  act  on  bones  with  sulphuric 
acid  was  made  by  Liebig  (1840) ; the  utilization  of  Crystalline 
and  Fossil  phosphates  by  a similar  treatment  was  the  work  of 
Lawes  (1843). 

The  process  of  manufacturing  superphosphate  of  lime  ordi- 
narily employed,  which  is  the  one  carried  out  at  the  Fertilizer 
Works  near  Charle.ston.  is  briefly  as  follows;  The  kiln  dried 
phosphate  rock  is  ground  to  powder  in  mills  such  are  used  for 
grinding  flour,  and  then  treated  with  sulphuric  acid  in  the 
proportion  of  900  pounds  of  Chamber  acid  of  49  degrees  Beaume 
to  1,000  pounds  of  phosphate.  This  is  performed  by  machinery 
in  so-called  “ mixing  tubs  ” or  “ manure  mixers,”  the  product 
being  a superphosphate  containing  ten  to  twelve  per  cent, 
soluble  phosphoric  acid.  From  the  mixerthe  manure,  which  is 
still  liquid,  is  run  into  store-houses  where  it  is  allowed  to  set. 
It  becomes  so  hard  after  a time  that  it  has  to  be  cut  down  with 
a pick,  and  the  lumps  passed  through  a disintegrator  to  reduce 
them  to  powder,  which  is  then  tilled  into  bags  and  is  ready  for 
shipment.  Ce.  tain  gases  are  given  off  during  the  mixing;  these 
are  carbonic  acid,  fluoride  of  silicon,  hydrochloric  acid  and 
Avater.  Most  of  these  are  extremely  irritating  to  the  lungs, 
and  injurious  to  health  and  vegetation,  their  perfect  removal 
is  a vital  necessity,  and  flues  for  this  purpose  are  placed  above 
the  mixer. 

In  making  most  phosphate  manures  a mixture  of  ingredi- 
ents is  employed.  Either  it  is  desired  to  jiroduce  a manure 
containing  a certain  definite  percentage  of  soluble  phospihate, 
or  to  introduce  nitrogen  and  potash  into  the  manure.  To  at- 
tain the  first  object,  a higher  and  lower  quality  of  phosphate 
are  mixed  together  before  treating  it  with  acid  : for  the  second 
object  the  add  super  phosphate  is  mixed  afterwards  with  am- 
moniacal  matter — dried  blood,  fish  scrap,  etc.,  and  German 
potash  salts  ikainit,  or  muriate  of  potash).  The  manures  re- 


suiting  from  such  mixtnres_  are  known  as  “ackl  phosphate,”’ 
“ dissolved  bone,” ‘‘ amniothated  add  phosphate,”  “comi)lete 
fertilizer,”  “ash  element,”  etc. 

All  the  cnore  important  fertilizer  works  near  Charleston 
manufacture  their  own  sulplmric  acid  ; this  indeed  constitutes 
one  of  their  most  exjiensive  oiterations.  Fur  this  purpose 
sulphur  is  imported  from  Sicily,  -only  one  of  the  works  near- 
Beaufort  using  iron  pyrites  from  Spain. 

Superphosphate  of  lime  supplies  to  the  soil  large  quantities 
of  phosphoric  acid,  sulplmric  acid,  and  lime,  and,  in  the  case 
of  a mixed  manure,  also  nitrogen  and  potash.  In  analyses  of 
super-]>hosphate.s  the  phosphoric  acid  is  estimated  in  three 
forms,  as  soluble  in  water,  soluble  in  citrate  of  ammonia,  and 
insoluble.  The  soluble  phosphate  (by  which  is  meant  jihos- 
])hate  soluble  in  water)  consists  of  monocaldum  phosphate 
with  some  free  phosiihoric  acid.  When  applied  to  the 
land  the  soluble  phosphate  is  dissolveii  by  I’ain,  and  distri- 
Iruted  more  or  less  throughout  the  surrounding  soil.  When 
thus  brought  in  contact  with  fertile  soil,  the  soluble  phosphate 
is  more  or  less  speedily'  precipitated.  This  precipitation  is 
brought  about  either  by  the  ctarbonate  of  lime  in  the  soil,  or 
by  the  hydrated  oxide  of  iron  and  alumina  present.  In  the 
tirst  case  a more  or  less  insoluble  phosidiate  of  lime,  and  in 
the  second  a basic  iihosphate  of  iron  and  alumina  are  formed. 
As  basic  phos|)bates  of  iron  and  alumina  are  certainly  forms- 
of  phosplioric  acid  which  can  only  be  slowly  approjiriated  by 
2>lants,  it  is  evident  that  the  main  effect  of  soluble  jdiosphate 
must  I>e  yielded  within  a short  time  of  its  application.  The 
insoluble  pho.sqthate  of  the  superphosphate  was  formerly  sup- 
posed to  consistsimply  oftheoriginal  pliosphate  of  the  material 
which  had  escaped  the  action  of  the  acid;  we  now  k7iow  that 
the  insoluble  ])hosphates  consist  partly,  and  in  some  super- 
phosphates largely,  of  “reduced”  or  “reverted”  jdiosphates, 
that  is  phos2:ihates  which  have  gone  hack  to  the  insoluable  con- 
dition owing  to  the  action  of  the  lime,  ii-on,  and  alumina- 
There  has  lately  been  mucb  disctission  intbe  agricultural  and 
chemical  world  as  to  the  manurial  value  of  these  reduced  and 
insoluble  pjhosphates  as  compared  with  the  phosphates  solu- 
ble in  water.  It  has  been  argued  by  some  that  the  manurial 
value  of  reduced  phosphate  must  be  equal  to  that  of  soluble- 
phosphate,  because  soluble  phospbate  becomes  itself  reduced 
after  contact  with  the  soil  ; and  hence  they  have  consented  to- 
call  at  least  a i)art  of  these  reduced  phosphates  “available” 
in  the  soil.  Others  have  gone  farther,  and  maintain  that  the 
non-crystallij-ie  insoluble  phosphate,  such  as  the  Carolina 
phosphates,  when  ground  to  an  impalpable  powder,  and  com- 
posted with  vegetable  matter  producing  carbonic  acid  upon 
decomposition,  or  used  along  with  certain  leguminous  plants 
as  a fallow  crop,  ai’e  equally  efficacious  as  reduced,  or  even 
super-phosphate.  They  hold  that  the  use  of  sulphuric  acid. 


73 


in  the  manufacture  of  super-phosphate  is  not  only  unneces- 
sary and  expensive,  but  absolutely  injurious.  The  late  Dr.  St, 
J.  Kavenel,  of  Charleston,  was  of  this  opinion,  in  which  he  i& 
confirmed  by  the  views  of  several  distinguished  chemists  in 
England,  Scotland,  France,  and  Germany,  and  by  practical  re- 
sults in  the  field,  both  at  home  and  abroad. 

KUMBER  OF  COMP.WIES  EXG.VGED  IX  MANUFACTURIXG  FERTI- 
LIZERS IN  SOUTH  CAROLIN.\. 

There  are  at  present  engaged  in  manufacturing  commercial 
fertilizers  in  South  Carolina: 

(1) .  The  Atlantic  Phosphate  Company  — capital  S2CO,000 
works  located  on  Aside}'  Kiver,  near  Charleston. 

(2) .  The  Stono  Phosiihate  Company — capitnl  $135,000;  works 
located  on  Ashley  Elver,  near  Charleston. 

(3) .  The  Etiwan  Phosphate  Company — capital  $300,000  ; 
works  located  on  Cooper  Kiver,  near  Charleston. 

(4) .  The  Pacific  Guano  Company — capital  $1,000,000  ; works 
located  on  Ashley  River,  near  Charleston. 

(5) .  The  Wando  Phosphate  Company — capital  $100,000  ; 
works  located  on  Ashley  River,  near  Charleston. 

(6) .  The  Ashepoo  Phosphate  Company — capital  $50,000;, 
works  located  on  Ashley  River,  near  Charleston. 

(7) .  The  Edisto  Pliosphate  Company — capital  $200,000 
works  located  on  Cooper  River,  near  Charleston. 

(8) .  The  Ashley  Phosphate  Company — capital  $100, 000- 
works  located  on  Central  wharf,  Charleston. 

(9) .  The  Wilcox  & Gibbs  Guano  Company;  works  located 
on  Cooper  River,  Charleston. 

(10) .  The  Efume  Bros.  Phosphate  Company — capital  $500,000  - 
works  located  on  Beaufort  Kiver,  near  Beaufort. 

(11) .  The  Port  Royal  Fertilizing  Company — capital  $125,000  - 
works  located  on  Battery  Creek,  near  Port  Royal. 


74 


i’erti lizejis  siin'i’ED. 


The  following 
shipped  since  187 

table  gives 
1 : 

the  total 

amount  of 

fertilizers 

1871. 

Tons. 

1872. 

Tons. 

1873. 

Tons. 

1874. 

Tons. 

CRarleston 

Savannah 

Port  Roval 

...  20,487 
...  27,447 

87,183 
82  922 

56,298 

56,296 

46,302 

.30,895 

Total 

...  47,934 

70,105 

112,594 

77,197 

1875. 

1876. 

1877. 

1878. 

Gharleston 

Savannah 

^Port  Roval 

..  49,500 
..  33,187 
..  4,000 

47,381 

33.000 

12.000 

45,7 66 
45,591 
26,000 

52.000 
61, .500 

15.000 

Total  

92,381 

117,357 

128,500 

1870. 

1880. 

1881. 

1882. 

( 'harleston 

Savannah 

Port  Roval 

..  55,000 
..  60,000 
..  12,000 

80.00f) 

65.000 

26.000 

100,000 

110,000 

39,245 

95,000 

100,000 

28,279 

Total 

..  127,000 

181,000 

249,245 

223,279 

1883. 

1884. 

Charleston 

Savannah  

Port  Roval 

..130,000 
..125  000 
..  25,000 

143,790 

70,000 

23,094 

Total 

..280,000 

2.36,884 

iS'cTE.— Of  tbe  shipments  from  Port  Royal,  11,022  tons  were 
fertilizers  manufactured  at  tlie  works  in  Beaufort— [See  An- 
nual Report  of  News  and  Courier.] 


OONSUMUTIOX  OF  FERTILIZERS. 

In  a c'omj)ilation  by  ]\lr.  De  Ghequie]',  Secretaiy  of  the 
Ghemical  and  Fertilizer  Exchange  of  Baltimore,  we  find  ; 


Total  consumption  Oi  .ommercial  fertilizers  in  Tons. 

Southern  States 460,000 

Delaware,  Eastern  States 25’oOO 

Pennsylvania,  New  A'ork,  New  Jersey OO.’OOO 

New  England  States ' 40,000 

Western  States 20  000 


'I’oPil 635,000 


/O 

According  to  this  statement,  it  would  appear  that  the  South 
Carolina  companies  are  able  to  produce  at  least  one-third  of 
the  whole  amount  of  fertilizers  consumed  in  the  United  States. 

CONCLUSION. 

In  this  sketch,  which  has  necessarily  been  brief  and  imper-^ 
feet,  attention  has  been  drawn  only  to  the  most  remarkable 
facts  in  the  history,  origin  and  development  of  the  South  Car- 
olina phosphates.  Statistics  up  to  date  have  been  given, 
showing  that  the  phosphate  industry  has  steadily  increased  im 
imjiortance  every  vear  since  the  discovery  of  the  deposits, 
until  to-day  it  constitutes  the  largest  and  most  successful  en- 
terjirise  in  the  State.  The  benefit  that  has  been  confeiied, 
not  only  upon  the  planters  of  the  State  ami  the  Southern 
country  in  general,  but  also  upon  the  whole  agricultural  woild, 
by  the  development  of  these  phosphates,  cannot  now  be  com- 
puted. For  ourselves,  it  is  impossible  to  realize  what  we 
would  have  done  without  them,  and  we  dread  to  think  of  the 
dav  when  they  will  have  become  exhausted.  I venture  to  say, 
however,  that  this  last  we  need  not  fear  at  least  for  years,  even 
generations  to  come.  And  by  the  time  that  South  Carolina 
has  exhausted  her  supply,  let  us  hope  that  the  deposits  in 
■some  of  our  sister  States  will  have  been  sufficiently  developed 
not  onlv  to  furnish  us  with  phosphates  as  bountifully  as  vie 
have  do'ne  them,  but  have  enough  to  spare  for  the  rest  of  the- 
world. 

In  conclusion,  I would  impress  upon  strangers  passing 
through  the  citv  of  Charleston,  and  all  who  have  not  yet  seen 
the  South  Carolina  phosphates,  the  desirability  of  visiting 
the  works  in  this  vicinity,  which  are  really  not  only  inter- 
esting, but  instructive  as  models  of  industrial  energy  and  prac- 
tical good  management. 


TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 


In  ])rei>;u  ing  this  statement  of  tlie  trade  and  commerce  of 
tduirleston  we  find  we  cannot  do  better  tlian  make  nse  of  the 
valuable  compilation  prejiared  by  the  industry  of  that  able 
journal,  the  Charleston  News  and  Courier. 

We  have,  by  the  courteous  permission  of  the  editor,  availed 
ourselves  largely  of  their  columns,  and  we  think  it  will  be 
found  that  a correct  idea  has  been  given  of  the  growing  j)ros- 
perity  of  this  city. 

It  is  great  cause  for  congratulation  that  South  Carolina  and 
Charleston  should  have  borne  so  well  the  brunt  of  such  a year 
as  that  which  ended  Se]jteniber  1,  1884.  Strictly  speaking, 
there  has  not  been  a single  commercial  failure  in  Charleston 
during  the  year  on  account  of  the  failure  of  the  crops  and  the 
dullness  of  tratle.  This  proves  that  business  here  is  in  a 
healthy  condition,  and  that  the  people  of  the  State  in  general 
are  at  least  not  in  debt  to  any  eml)arrassing  extent. 

The  tables  published  elsewhere  to-day  show  the  extent  of 
(Charleston’s  business  during  the  commercial  year  1883-84,  the 
total  amount  being  |64,.)1 2,190.  In  naval  stores  and  phosphate 
rock,  in  fertilizers  and  in  cotton  goods  the  falling  off  is  small 
as  compared  with  last  year,  and  the  local  manufactures  show  a 
small  increase.  This  is  an  e.vcellent  sisn,and  must  impress 
upon  the  Charleston  public  the  great  importance  of  multiply- 
ing those  small  industries  which  yield  a large  return  in  pro- 
portion to  the  amount  of  capital  invested  in  them.  There  is 
room  for  many  minor  industries  in  Charleston  which  would 
give  employment  to  persons  who  now  find  it  difficult  to  obtain 
occupation,  and  which  will  return  a larger  ])roportionate  jirofit 
than  the  more  ambitious  undertakings  to  which  we  are  accus- 
tomed to  look 

The  city  is  in  readiness  for  all  the  business  that  can  be 
attracted  here  in  the  new  commercial  year.  The  wharves  and 
w’arehouses  are  in  excellent  order.  The  cotton  presses  have 
no  superiors  anywhere.  The  railroad  wdiarves  permit  bulky 
freights  to  be  handled  with  close  economy,  and  steps  are  takiiig 
to  put  the  railroads  in  direct  communication  with  every  wharf 
on  the  eastern  front  of  the  city.  In  what  is  here  said  con- 
cerning the  extension  of  Charleston’s  trade  wdll  be  found  the 
proof  that  the  dealers  here  are  alive  to  the  necessities  of  the 
times,  and  understand  that  to  meet  competition  they  must 
canvass  actively  for  customers.  Tlie  Charleston  merchants  and 
business  men  should  be  in  high  spirits,  as  they  have  nothing 


to  fear  if  they  use,  as  intelligently  as  they  can,  the  means  and 
the  opportunities  at  their  command. 

Charleston  itself  gives  evidence  everywhere  of  steady  im- 
provement. In  the  great  increase  in  building  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  city,  in  the  very  considerable  advance  in  prices  of 
real  estate  in  the  upper  wards,  in  the  admirable  condition  of 
the  principal  streets,  in  the  thorough  organization  of  the  Fire- 
Department,  in  the  zeal  and  etliciency  of  the  Police  force,  in 
the  introduction  of  the  electric  light  for  street  lighting  in  six 
of  the  twelve  wards  of  the  city,  in  the  opening  of  public  gar- 
dens, in  the  enlargement  of  the  water  snpjjly,  and  in  the  suc- 
cessful establishment  of  an  hotel  at  Sullivan’s  Island,  that 
would  do  credit  to  Manhattan  Beach,  there  is  substantial  and 
unmistakable  evidence  that  Charleston  is  moving  forward.  An 
important  element  in  it  all  is  the  knowledge  that  the  Munici- 
pal government  is  administered  on  strict  business  principles, 
and  that  the  public  receive  one  hundred  cents  in  value  for 
every  dollar  that  is  spent.  The  publics  credit  of  the  cit_v  is 
deservedly  high,  and  this  public  credit  strengthens  the  credit 
of  the  individual.  The  health  of  Charleston  continues  to  be 
remarkably  good,  and  the  means  of  education  and  for  ac- 
quiring higher  knowledge  in  art,  as  well  as  in  science,  have 
been  libei-ally  increased. 

The  subjoined  statement  shows  the  amount  of  business  in 
the  principal  articles  of  trade  in  Charleston  during  the  past 
year.  In  the  case  of  cotton  and  other  staples  the  receipis  at 
this  port  are  given,  while  in  cotton  goods,  iertilizers  and  vege- 
tables the  amount  of  the  shipments  is  reported. 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  crops  of  all  kinds  were  very 
short  dining  this  year,  and  the  volume  of  all  business  was 
greatly  reduced  by  the  financial  panic  of  the  summer  of  1884. 


Cotton,  u])land,  bales 418,882 

Sea  island,  bags 9,397 

Rice,  barrels 67,47(> 

Naval  stoi'es,  spirits,  casks (14,207 

Naval  stores,  rosin,  barrels 2(14. 049 

Phosphate  rock,  crude,  tons 190,714 

Fertilizers,  tons 143.790 

Lumber,  fe e t 34 , OO:  1 , 1 7 0 

Cotton  goods,  domestics,  bales 45,104 

F'ruits,  vegetables,  packages 035,027 


78 


Tlie  subjoined  table  sliows  the  amount  of  the  trade  and 
'Commerce  of  Charleston  for  1883-84: 


( 'otton,  uplands $18,849,690 

Cotton,  sea  island 1,127,640 

Kice 1,079,616 

Naval  stores,  spirits 898,898 

Naval  stores,  rosin 462,085 

Phosphate  rock,  crude 1,278,641 

Fertilizers 2,588,220 

Taunber 2,500,000 

( 'utton  goods,  domestics,  &c 2,255,000 

Fruits  ;u)d  vegetables 800,000 

JManufac.tures,  excluding  fertilizers 6,757,400 

Wholesale  and  retail  trade 25,915,000 


Total $64,512,190 


We  give  below  a full  account  of  the  trade  and  commerce  of 
Clharleston,  in  its  ditferent  dejrartnients,  which  can  be  read 
with  jirotit  by  every  one  interested  in  knowing  the  condition 
mid  prospect  of  the  business  of  the  city  ; 


OUR  FOREIGN  TRADE. 


The  returns  in  the  year  of  the  aggregate  of  foreign  inniorts 
and  exports  show  a falling  off  from  the  previous  year  in  both 
branches.  This  is  due  chiefly  to  the  short  crops  of  1883-84. 
The  value  of  exports  for  the  year  just  closed  was  116,115,630, 
against  122,570,167  for  the  previous  year-  Of  imports  the 
values  were  $432,937  for  this  year,  against  $506,565  for  the  pre- 
vious year. 

The  following  table  shoivs  the  foreign  e.xports  for  the  year 
ending  August  1,  1884,  by  months: 


1883. 

August 

tSeptember, 

October 

November. 
December . 

1884. 

..Tanuary ... 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

'July 


Flxports, 
,$  178,619 

124,730 
2,882,114 
. 3,809,069 

. 2,224,022 

2,043,209 

1,895,396 

1,903,406 

338,201 

428,617 

149,705 

138,542 


Total 


$16,115,630 


79 


The  following'  table  will  show  the  value  of  foreign  exports 
for  the  past  seven  years  : 

Year  ending 
August  1,  1878 
August  1,  1879 
Atigust  1,  1880 
August  1,  1881 
August  1,  1882 
August  1,  1888 
August  1,  1884 

( 'HAELESTON  MANUFACTURES. 

AX  EXXOURAGIXG  EXHIBIT — THE  VALUE  OF  THE  TKODUCTS  SLIGHT- 
LY INCREASED. 

In  the  commercial  year  ending  August  31,  1883,  the  total 
value  of  the  products  of  the  manufacturing  establishments  in 
and  around  Charleston  was  $9,341,400.  It  will  surprise  the 
imblic  to  know  that  in  the  year  now  ending  the  value  of  the 
products  of  our  local  industries  has  been  slightly  increased — 
the  amount  being  $9,449,400.  There  is  a considerable  increase 
in  the  number  of  hands  emplojxd,  the  number  in  1884  being 
(5,847,  against  6,558  the  year  before. 


Exports. 
.$  17,619,448 
. 19,630,397 
. 19,724,620 

. 26,646,074 

, 19,617.480 

22,570,167 
16,115,630 


80 


The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  manufacturing  es- 
tablishments in  and  around  Charleston,  the  number  of  hands 
employed,  the  amount  of  capital,  and  the  value  of  the  annual 
product ; 


CLASS  OF  MANUFACTURE. 

- 

03  tfi 

“z  ^ 

^ 03 

S™ 

2; 

Number  of  liands 
employed. 

<x> 

03 

> 

< 

a 

c3 

O 

1 Value  of  annual 
product. 

i 

Ctotton  Factories 

1 

400 

$ .500,000 

8 750,001) 

Bagsing  p^actcries 

1 

225 

300,000 

400,000 

Fertilizers 

11 

1,016 

250 

2,500,000 

.500,000 

2.700.000 

1.350.000 

Rice  Mills 

4 

Iron  Works 

3 

120 

180,000 

1.55  000 

Saw  Mills 

6 

181 

245,000 

510,000 

Sash,  Blind,  and  Door  Factories.  Buiiding 
Material 

5 

234 

160,000 

280,000 

Ship  and  Boat  Building 

3 

130 

25,000 

200,000 

Candy  Factories 

5 

75 

22,000 

100  000 

Beer  Breweries 

1 

25 

50,000 

80,000 

Job  Printing,  Newspapers,  etc 

1.5 

220 

2.50, COO 

300,000 

Carriages  and  Wagons' 

11 

95 

45.000 

10,5,000 

Flour  Grist,  etc 

14 

140 

68,.500 

165.700 

Cigars  and  Toliacco 

11 

55 

50,000 

33,000 

Concrete  Piping 

1 

4 

3.000 

9.000 

Saddleiw,  etc 

11 

GO 

45,000 

98,000 

Shirts  and  Itnderwear 

1 

60 

5.000 

J5  000 

Marble  and  Granite  Works 

0 

69 

50,000 

11,5,000 

.Soda  Water  Factor!  e.= 

(i 

130 

35,000 

78,000 

Boots  and  Shoes 

11 

40 

11, .5011 

25  000 

Axle  Grease 

'2 

5 

8..500 

17,0011 

Bakerie.s 

35 

140 

.56,000 

400,000 

Mecli allies  (proprietors) 

107 

3,445 

200,000 

460,IX)0 

Street  Car  repairs 

•2 

15 

7,000 

18.000 

Men’s  Clothing 

i) 

81 

70,000 

93.000 

Furniture 

3 

15 

25,000 

8,000 

Lock  and  Gunsinithing 

G 

10 

10,000 

11,900 

Paper  Hanging  and  Painting 

20 

145 

17,000 

48,000 

Photographing 

5 

16 

12,000 

31,000 

Engraving 

2 

5 

7,000 

48.000 

Plumbing,  elc 

10 

42 

70, too 

93.090 

Tin  and  Copper,  etc 

10 

4H 

.39,000 

58,000 

Upholstering 

7 

49 

38,000 

53,000 

Watch  and  Clock  Makers 

18 

27 

27  000 

29,800 

Miscellaneous 

11 

290 

700;900 

620,001) 

Totals 

372 

6,847; 

SO, .332,401) 

89,4.57,400 

TRADE  SALES. 

In  the  table  of  aggregate  sales  only  .such  branches  of  tlie 
retail  trade  are  included  as  have  representatives  among  the 
wholesale  merchants,  but  there  are  several  important  branches 
of  Hie  retail  trade  which  have  no  such  representation.  Tire 
principal  of  these  are  jewelry  and  silverware,  toys  and  confcc- 


81 


tionery,  musical  instillments,  basket  ware  and  hair  goods.  Tlie 
first  of  these,  jewelry  and  silverware,  is  the  most  important, 
the  aggregate  sales  amounting  to  about  |250,000.  The  total 
sales  of  all  these  branches  of  retail  trade  will  probably  swell 
the  aggregate  sales  of  the  city  |i900, 000,  makingthe  total  figure, 
in  round  numbers,  §27,000,000. 


Total  Sales  for  the  Year  Ending  August  31, 1884. 


Whole- 

sale. 

Retail. 

Totals. 

Groceries,  liquors  and  tobacco 

§10,750,000 

13,250,000 

§14,000,000 

rionimissioTi  honsp.s 

2,000,000 

2 000  000 

Grain  and  hav 

600,000 

310,000 

910,000 

Dry  goods 

2,400,000 

1,600,000 

4,000,000 

Boots  and  shoes 

850,000 

250,000 

1,100,000 

Hats  and  caps 

60,000 

115,000 

175,000 

Drugs  and  medicines 

275,000 

1 75,000 

450,000 

Hardware 

1,500,000 

200,000 

1,700,000 

Crockery 

110,000 

25,000 

135,000 

Faints  and  oils 

375,000 

75,000 

450,000 

Saddlerv 

80,000 

40,000 

120,000 

Stationery,  &c 

250,00(1 

75,000 

325,000 

Furniture 

100,000 

20,000 

120,000 

Beer  and  soda  water 

300,000 

40,000 

340,000 

Ice 

50,000 

50  000 

Fish  and  oysters 

40j)00 

40,000 

Totals 

§19,740,000 

§6,175,000 

§25,915,000 

PHOSPHATES. 

The  following  companies  are  mining  in  this  vicinity,  and 
their  estimated  production  per  annum  when  working  full  ca- 


pacity is ; 

Tons. 

■Charleston  Mining  and  Manufacturing  Company 75,000 

W^m.  Gregg 30,000 

L.  N.  Chisolm 10,000 

Julian  Fishburne ; 10,000 

C.  C.  Pinckney,  Jr 25,000 

Charles  II.  Drayton  & Co 10,000 

Rose  Mining  Company 25,000 

Wm.L.  Bradley 25,000 

St  Andrew’s  Phosphate  Company 17,000 

Bolton  Mines 12,000 

F.  C.  Fishburne 12,000 

H.  Dotterer 6,000 


Total 257,000 


82 


In  addition  to  the  above  regular  miners  who  sell  crude 
rock,  there  are  in  this  vicinity  the  Wando  Phosphate  mines, 
which  turn  out  annually  about  10,000,  tons  most  of  which  is 
ground  up  by  the  company  and  sold  in  that  state  or  manipu- 
lated by  them. 

In  the  vicinity  of  Beaufort  and  St.  Helena  the  following 
companies  are  at  work,  with  an  annual  production  about  as 


follows : 

Tons. 

Coosaw  IMining  Company,  river  rock ....100,000 

Pacitic  Guano  Company,  land  rock 20,000 

Farmers’  Phosphate  Company,  river  rock 6,000’ 

Sea  Island  Chemical  Company,  river  rock 30,000 

Oak  Point  Mines,  land  and  river  rock 20,000 

Hume  Bros.  & ('o.,  Limited,  river  rock  8,000 


The  following  table  shows  the  value  of  the  phosjjhate-mining 
business,  the  shiiunents  and  consumption  in  the  year  just  closed 
being  the  largest  we  have  on  record,  and  representing,  at  the 
rate  of  §().5()  a ton,  a gross  sum  of  82,059,109,  for  1SS3-84: 


Shipment.s,  foreign  and  coastwise, 
( 'iiarleston  and  by  rail 

1883-84. 

Tons. 

from 

1882-83,. 

Tons. 

19(!,714 

183,011 

Shipments  from  Beaufort 

127,000 

Total  tons 

355,468 

.310,011 

Consumed  by  local  manufactui-ers.... 

5.3,035 

42,620 

Grand  total  tons 

409,10.3 

352,631 

MAN U F A CTU RED  FERTI LI ZERS. 


The  following  table  shows  the  shipments  of  commercial  fer- 
tilizers, mainly  of  ( Iiarleston  manufacture,  during  the  year 
ending  August  31  ; 


N.  E.  Pailroad .30,158 

(land  S.  Bail  way 18,294 

South  (.'arolina  Bailway 7.....' 86,620 

By  sail  vessels 2,349 

By  steamers , 0,369 


Total  tons 143,790 


S3 


COTTON. 

RECEIPTS  OF  UPL.IN’DS  FOR  THE  PAST  YEAR. 

Tlie  receipts  of  upland  cotton  at  the  port  of  Cliarleston, 
from  Seiitember  1,  1883,  to  August  31,  1884,  were  as  follows: 


•South  Carolina  Eailway 1149.541 

Northeastern  Railroad 101,493 

(Charleston  and  Savannah  Railway 40,955 

■Georgetown  steamers 14,306 

Beaufort  and  Edisto  steamers 374 

Other  sources 12  213 


Total 418,882 


In  addition  to  this  1,486  bags  of  sea  islands  were  received 
by  steamboats. 


EXPORTS  FOR  1883-84. 


The  exports  of  upland  and  sea  island  cotton  from  Charleston 
to  foreign  ports  for  1883  and  1884  were  as  follows  ; 


Sea  Island. 
Bags. 

Liverpool 2,743 

Bergen,  Scotland 


Upland. 

Bales. 

105,835 

1,100 


Total  Great  Britain, 


2,743  106,935 


Havre 31  24,467 

'Other  French  ports 


Total  France 31  24,467 


North  of  Europe. 


Reval 17,816 

Bremen 51,308 

'Gothenliurg 6,590 

Amsterdam 1,264 


Total  North  of  Europe 76,978 


South  of  Europe. 

■Barcelona 34,059 

Genoa 8,802 

Bebastoiiol 14.505 


Total  South  of  Europe 57,366 


Total  foreign 


2,774  265,746 


84 


Total  exports  of  uplands  to  coastwise  ports; 


To  Boston Bales...  17,703 

New  York 99,179 

Philadelphia 10,170 

Baltimore 15,798 

Other  United  States  ports 2,682 


Total  coastwise 145,.538 

RICE  MARKET. 

Carolina  rice  is  fav'orably  known  in  every  part  of  the  world. 
From  1850  to  I860  the  crop  averaged  from  100,000  to  163,000 
tierces  a year.  It  was  impracticable,  however,  after  the  Con- 
federate war  to  continue  the  cultivation  of  rice  on  the  old 
scale,  and  for  the  last  twenty  years  the  crop  has  averaged  only 
40,000  to  45,000  tierc' s a year.  It  is  an  expensive  crop  to  cul- 
tivate, and  is  exposed  to  many  dangers  ; but  they  who  have 
conducted  their  operations  carefully,  on  plantations  favorably 
situated,  have  made  money  steadily. 


EXPORTS  OF  RICE  FROM  CTI AHLESTON. 

To  New  York; bbls. 

Philadelphia 

Baltimore 

United  States  ports 

Total  exports 

City  consumption 


8,274 
8,064 
.22, .366 
8,708 


47,412 

,20,541 


Total 67,953 

Tot«l  receipts  at  Charleston  from  September  1,  

1883,  to  August  31,  1884 bbls 67,476 

Stock  Sei)temher  1,  1883 1,352  — 68,828 


Stock  August  31,  1884  87-5 

NAVAL  STORES. 

The  trade  in  naval  stores,  although  of  comparatively  recent 
growth,  the  bulk  of  the  business  having  been  created  in  the 
last  fifteen  years,  is  next  to  the  cotton  trade,  the  chief  support 
of  tlie  commerce  of  Charleston.  The  following  statement 
shows  the  receipts  and  exports  at  this  port  from  September  1, 
1883,  to  August  31,  1884,  as  compared  with  the  year  before  : 

1883-84  1882-83. 

Sp’ts.  Rosin.  Sp’ts.  Rosin. 

Stock  on  hand  Sept.  1, 1883.  4,043  40,661  1,020  30,502 

Received  Sept.  1,  1883,  to 


Aug.31,1884 64,207  264,049  68,937  297,-534 

Total 68,250  304,710  69,9.57  328,030. 


85 


COASTWISE  EXPORTS- 

The  coastwise  exports  of  naval  stores  from  Sept.  1,  1883,  to 
August  31,  188-1,  as  compared  with  last  year  were  as  follows  : 


1883- 

-84. 

1882- 

-83. 

Spirits. 

Rosin. 

Spirits. 

Rosin. 

Caslis. 

Bbls. 

Casks. 

Bbls. 

. 100 

3,876 

New  York 

. 6,191 

30,597 

10,408 

42,486 

Philadelphia 

3,290 

3,242 

3,471 

Balti  more 

7,0.54 

1,167 

9,871- 

Other  United  States  ports..  1,258 



4,771 

2,651 

Total  coastwise 

.13,626 

44,816 

19,588 

58,479 

-.49,744 

234,965 

Grand  total 

.63,370 

279,781 

65,914 

287,385 

f)n  hand 

, 4 880 

24,929 

4,043 

40,661 

TiUMBER. 

The  lumber  trade  of  Charleston  is  confined  almost  exclu- 
sively to  yellow  pine,  drawn  from  the  counties  of  Barnwell, 
Colleton  and  Berkeley  and  floated  down  the  Edisto,  Ashepoo, 
and  Salkehatchie  Rivers. 

The  exports  of  lumber,  and  crossties,  foreign  and  coastwise 
were  : 

Lumber  No.  of 
feet.  Crossties. 

New  York 20,384,628  317,691 

Philadelphia 3,419,046  

Baltimore 1,833,348  

Other  U-  S.  ports 1,979,754  


Total  domestic  ports 27,616,776  317,691 

Foreign  ports 3,969,677  1,159,026 


Total .31,586.463  1,476,717 

PRODUCE. 

The  trade  in  produce  was  large  during  the  year  in  conse- 
quence of  the  short  crops  in  the  State. 

n.\Y. 

The  receipts  during  the  past  year  Avere  far  in  excess  of  pre- 
vious years,  amounting  to  65,700  bales.  The  local  consumption 
was  increased  by  larger  local  demands,  added  to  the  demand 
from  the  interior. 


80 


CORN. 

In  conseciucnce  of  the  partial  failure  of  the  corn  ca'op  la.st 
season  the  importations  Avere  large,  amounting  to  971,000 
bushels. 

0.\TS.  . 

The  I'eceipts  during  the  year  past  amount  to  160,000  bushels, 
coming  about  equally  by  railroad  and  water. 


FLOUR. 

The  city  consumption  of  flour  is  e.stimated  at  about  l,-')00 
barrels  weekly,  and  the  shipments  to  the  islands  and  interior 
nearly  as  much  more,  and  as  tliere  is  none  in-oduced  in 
Charleston,  the  great  bulk  of  this  large  supply  comes  to  us 
from  the  West. 

TRUCK  FARMS. 


Tlie  season  of  1S8I  proved  a profitable  one  to  the  Charles- 
ton truck  farmers  and  shippers,  although  the  crops  were  some- 
Avhat  short.  The  favorable  outrun  was  owing  chiefiy  to  the 
improved  facilities  for  transportation  and  closer  connections 
by  rail  between  the  shipping  point  and  the  points  of  destina- 
tion. A portion  of  the  area  on  the  suburbs  of  Charleston  de- 
voted to  the  raising  of  berries  and  vegetables  has  been  cut  off, 
a good  deal  of  farm  land  inside  the  city  limits  having  been 
cut  up  into  building  lots  and  sold.  The  following  table  ex- 
hibits the  shijmients  of  berries  and  vegetables  by  rail  and 
steamei'  during  the  past  three  years  ; 


Strawberries,  quarts. 

Potatoes,  barrels 

Vegetables,  packages 


1884.  1883.  1882. 

,450,680  708,476  504,970 

. 45,349  51,460  43,296 

. 62,333  81,332  86,761 


RANKS. 


The  banking  business  of  Charleston  is  done  by  three  Ka- 
tional  banks,  one  State  bank,  and  five  sa\dngs  banks.  The 
National  and  State  banks  reioresent  a combined  capital  of  §1,- 
250,000  and  a surplus  capital  of  §511,000.  The  five  savings  in- 
stitutions, one  of  which  was  started  during  the  present  com- 
mercial year,  have  an  aggregate  capital  of  §500, 000, -a  surplus 
of  §109,000  and  a dejcosit  account  aggregating  §2,526,0(.)0. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA  IN  1884. 

The  industrial  progress  of  South  Corolina  in  the  last  ten 
years  has  been  far  more  rapid  than  the  most  sanguine  have 
supposed.  The  income  of  the  people  of  the  State,  last  year, 
derived  from  agriculture,  manufactures,  and  mining,  was  half 
as  large  again  as  it  was  in  1860,  the  most  prosperous  year,  un- 
der the  old  system,  the  State  had  ever  known.  The  State  has 


recovered  the  ofround  that  was  lost  by  emancipation,  by  negro 
suffrage,  by  political  misrule  and  official  corruption.  And  the 
most  significant  circumstance  is  that  the  industrial  triumph 
now  proclaimed  is  mainly  the  result  of  the  work  of  four  or 
five  years.  Since  the  redemption  and  regeneration  of  the 
State  in  1877,  the  growth  of  manufactures  has  been  astonish- 
ing in  its  mpidity  and  volume.  Agricultural  operations  could 
be  carried  on,  with  reasonable  success,  in  even  the  dai’kest 
days  of  strife  and  misrule,  but  the  undertakings  which  were 
ilependent  on  the  concentration  of  capital  for  their  develo])- 
ment  remained  torpid,  if  not  dead,  until  the  return  of  confi- 
dence breathed  into  them  new  life  and  vigor.  As  briefly  as 
we  may,  we  tell  the  story. 

The  manufactures  in  the  Slate  first  demand  attention  as  a 
comparatively  new  feature  in  the  industrial  histoi-y  of  the 
State,  Begining  with  cotton  manufactures,  it  is  seen  that  the 
value,  in  gold,  of  the  product  of  all  the  cotton  mills  in  the 
State  was  as  follows: 


1860 § 713,050 

1870 1,274,944 

1880  2.895,769 

1883-84 7,9(33,198 

The  percentage  of  increase  was  as  follows  : 

1860-70 78  per  cent. 

1870-80 127  per  cent. 

1880-84 175  ]>er  cent. 


In  a little  more  than  three  years,  ending  .Tauuaiw,  1884,  the 
increase  in  production  was  a third  more  than  in  the  ten  years 
ending  in  1880,  and  the  whole  product  in  1883  was  ten  times 
as  great  as  the  product  in  1860.  This  is  not  the  whole  truth. 
The  actual  capacity  of  the  cotton  mills  in  South  Carolina,  as 
they  stand  to-day,  is  at  least  $9,000,000.  The  production  of 
the  cotton  mills  in  the  State  this  year  should  be  three  times 
as  great  as  the  production  in  1880. 

The  production  of  lumber  and  naval  stores  has  increased 
with  exhilarating  rapidity.  In  1880  and  in  1883  respectively 
the  value  of  the  product  was : 

1880.  1883. 

laimber 12,031,507  $5,592  565 

Naval  Stores 2,857,981  2,912,271 


§4,889,488  §8,504,836 
The  increase  in  the  value  of  the  product  in  three  years  is 
74  per  cent.  In  value,  tlie  lumber  and  naval  stores  business 
e.vceeds  bv  half  a million  dollars  the  value  of  the  product  of 
the  cotton  mills  last  year.  The  lumber  and  naval  stores  last 
year  equalled  in  value  212, (>20  bales  of  cotton  at  $40  to  the 
bale. 


88 


There  is  another  branch  of  manufactures  which  is  yet  in 
its  teens,  but  is  of  great  importance — the  manufacture  of  com- 
mercial fertilizers.  Last  year  the  value  of  the  commercial 
fertilizers  manufactured  in  this  State  was  §3,3-16,400.  All  the 
factories  are  in  or  around  Charleston,  or  in  Beaufort  County. 

Taking  the  classification  of  manufactures  which  is  followed 
in  the  United  States  Census,  and  reducing  the  value  of  the 
products  in  1870  to  a gold  basis,  we  obtain  the  following  re- 
sults, being  the  whole  value  of  all  manufactured  products  in 
South  Carolina  : 


1860 § 8,615,195- 

1870 8,215,198 

1880 16,738,008 

1883 32,324,404 


During  the  worst  period  of  .African  and  Carpet-bag  domin- 
ion the  manufactures  diminished  in  amount,  but  they  doubled 
in  amount  in  the  ten  years  following,  and  doubled  again  in 
the  three  following  years  when  honest  government  was  firmly 
established.  Where  is  there  another  State  in  the  Ibiion 
which,  under  similar  cii’cumstam’s  and  with  so  many  discour- 
agements, can  display  such  jn-ogress  as  this?  The  white  mi- 
nority in  this  State,  who  supply  the  brains  and  capital  in 
manufactures,  as  in  agriculture,  have  cause  indeed  to  be  proud 
of  their  achievements. 

Although  the  value  of  the  products  of  the  mines  and  quar- 
ries (exclusive  of  phosphate  rock ) is  not  large,  it  exhibits  a 
gratifying  growth.  Last  year,  including  phosphate  rock,  the 
wdiole  value  of  the  products  of  the  mines  and  quarries  was 
$2,440,000,  against  sui'li  a bagatelle  as  $17,000  in  1860  and  $16,- 
573  in  1870.  The  discovery  of  the  phos])hate  deposits  has 
been  a boon,  indeed,  to  South  Carolina.  The  phosphate  tax 
forms  one-fifth  of  the  whole  revenue  of  the  State.  Since  1868- 
70,  2,290,000  tons  of  rock  have  been  mined.  The  value  at  §6  a 
ton  w'as  $13,740,000.  Tdie  profit  on  the  phosphate  rock  was,  at 
least,  $3,435,000.  Several  thousand  hands  are  constantly  em- 
ployed in  mining  and  j)reparing  the  rock.  The  rock  still 
available  is  estimated  to  amount  to  from  8,000,000  to  10,000,- 
000  tons. 

The  progress  of  the  State  in  agriculture  has  been  satisfacto- 
ry, as  is  irroved  by  the  following  statement  of  the  production 
of  cotton,  corn,  and  small  grain  : 


1860.  1870.  1883. 

Cotton,  bales 3.53,412  224,500  , 468,227 

Corn,  bushels 15,635,606  7,614,207,  10,876,744 

Oats,  bushels 906.924  613593  4,187. 082 

Wheat,  bushels 1,285,631  782,610  1,383,731 


The  year  1883  was  mo.st  unfavorable,  the  crop  of  cotton,  as 
comjrared  with  1882,  being  reduced  32  per  cent,  by  drought,. 


89 


rust,  and  worms,  while  corn  was  reduced  43  per  cent,  oats  8 
per  cent,  and  wheat  2 per  cent.  In  spite  of  this,  the  cotton 
crop  in  1883  was  114,815  bales  more  than  in  1860. 

Charleston  is  the  commercial  emporium  of  the  State  of 
South  Carolina,  and  a brief  I’esume  of  the  industilal  i^rosress 
of  the  State,  on  which  she  depends  so  largel}^  for  her  business, 
will  be  a fitting  close  to  the  exhibit  of  the  city’s  commercial 
standing  and  progress. 

It  now  remains  to  show  the  income  of  the  people  of  the 
State  from  agriculture,  manufactures  and  mining  at  ditferent 
periods ; 

1860. 


Agriculture 845,823,512 

^lanufactures 8,615,195 

Mines  and  quarries 17,000 


Agriculture 

Manufactures 

Mines  and  quarries 


1870. 


854,455,707 

834,924,58o' 
. 8,215,918 
16,573 


1880. 

Agriculture 

Manufacture.s 

Mines  and  quarries 


843,157,076 

.841,969.749 
. 16,738,008 
. 1 ,180.805 


1883. 

Agriculture 

Manufactures 

Mines  and  quarries 


859,888,562 


841,790,321 
. 32,324,404 
. 2,440,000 


876, .554, 725 


Such  are  the  concrete  results  of  toil,  sacrifice  and  persever- 
ance. Despite  the  terrible  losses  of  sixteen  years  of  war  and 
negro  rule,  South  Carolina,  last  year,  derived  from  agriculture, 
manufactures  and  mining  twenty-two  million  dollars  more 
than  in  1860.  .During  a little  more  than  three  years  of  estab- 
lished white  rule,  including  one  terribly  bad  farming  season, 
the  income  of  the  people  increased  seventeen  million  dollars, 
which  is  more  than  the  whole  increase  in  income  from  1870  to 
1880. 


S.  Y.  Tupper, 

E.  H.  Frost, 

D.  E Huger  Smith, 


Committee  on  Trade 
and  Commerce. 


DESCRIPTION 


OF  TIIF 


—OF  — 


WKLKER,  EVflRS  8c  COGSWELL, 

Nos,  o ]>ROAi)  AND  100  East  J>ay  Streets, 
CHARLESTON.  S.  C. 


Few  of  the  friends  of  this  enterprising  and  successful  eshib- 
lishuient  have  any  idea  of  the  largeness  of  the  scale  upon 
which  its  oiierations  are  conducted.  Commencing  with  a 
small  bindery  and  stationery  store,  occupying  a part  of  the 
building  10f>  East  Bay,  it  has  steadily  grown  until  it  now 
requires  the  five  stories  and  cellar  of  the  capacious  buildings 
3 Broad  and  109  East  Bay  Streets,  having  nearly  35,000  s<]uare 
feet  of  floor  room.  The  building  is  now  crowded,  and  the 
growth  of  the  business  will  soon  demand  additional  room. 
The  l)usiness  embraces  a full  stock  of  Paper  and  Stationery, 
and  a complete  Printing  Ottice  for  Book  and  Job  work,  a 
Puling  Boom,  and  large  Bindery  for  Blank  Book  work.  The 
firm  publishes  the  Southern  Christian  Adrocate  and  certain 
Southern  School  Books  They  order  miscellaneous  books, 
and  job  the  school  books  adopted  for  the  South  Carolina 
Public  Schools. 

Their  trade  extends  all  over  the  Southern.  States,  and  there 
is  scarcely  a city  or  town  in  this  territory  where  the  name  is 
not  known  to  business  houses,  and  known  favorably  for 
liberality,  j)rogressiveness  and  honest  work. 

On  entering  the  Broad  Street  Store  is  seen  a splendid  displays 
of  Stajile  and  Fancy  Stationery,  and  the  large  Blank  Book 
stock.  The  Blank  Books  are  principally  made  in  the  estab- 
lishment, but  recently  the  run  of  job  work  in  the  Bindery  has 
made  it  impossible  to  make  up  some  of  the  lower  grade  of 
hooks  A very  large  assortment  of  Envelopes  are  also  kept, 
and  stock  sufficient  to  supply  at  once  the  most  liberal  orders. 

The  line  of  Fine  Note  and  Fancy  Box  Papers  is  very  fine , 
and  suited  to  the  most  fastidious  taste. 


91 


Stationery  is  all  bought  at  tirst  hands  and  is  all  known  to 
be  good. 

The  working  of  that  wonderful  invention  for  multiplying 
copies  of  a writing, the  llektograiih,  of  which  \V  , E.  & C.  are 
(ieneral  Agents  for  North  Carolina,  South  ( 'arolina,  Georgia 
and  Alabama,  is  also  courteously  shown  in  the  Broad  Street 
Store- 

Passing  tb.e  Business  Otfices  and  turning  to  tlie  left  we  come 
into  the  L of  the  buihling  facing  on  East  Bay. 

Immediately  on  the  right  is  the  large  stock  of  Siaple  Writing 
Papers — Notes.  Letters,  Caps,  Legal  Caps,  etc.,  eic  — all  grades 
and  all  prices;  over  one  hundred  diferent  himh. 

To  the  left  is  the  stock  of  Twine  and  Beserve  Stock  of 
Stationery,  and  further  on  the-  Reserve  Stock  of  Half-Bound 
Blank  Books,  And  yet  again,  the  Stock  of  Reynold’s  Readers 
and  Copy  Books,  ami  other  Standard  School  Books. 

Near  the  East  Bay  front  is  the  Receiving  and  Shipping 
Department,  connected  with  all  the  tioors  by  an  Elevator. 
Everything  coming  down  from  the  shops  is  hei'e  put  up  and 
shipped  to  its  destination  in  South  Carolina,  or  ])crhaps  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  or  perchance  New  Orleans,  La. 

This  firm  shij^s  more  goods  by  express  and  mail  than  any  in 
the  city. 

The  Office,  situated  at  the  southwest  corner  of  the  building, 
at  the  junction  of  the  Broad  and  East  Bay  stores,  is  the  heart 
of  the  whole  establishment.  Connected  with  each  department 
by  speaking  tubes  and  a small  parcel  elevator,  the  entire 
working  of  the  establishment  is  easily  directed.  Customers 
are  not  required  to  go  into  the  Printing  Office  or  Bindery,  but 
are  received  in  the  office  and  their  wants  attended  to. 

The  Superintendent  is  always  present  when  work  begins  at 
seven  o’clock  in  the  morning,  and  personally  learns  the  con- 
dition of  every  piece  of  work  every  day. 

The  most  thorough  system  penneates  the  entire  manage- 
ment of  thedousiness,  and  an  onler  duly  entered  and  correctly 
started  passes  from  department  to  department  until  it  comes 
out  in  its  finished  state  and  is  shipped  to  its  destination. 
Mistakes  occur — they  happen  everywhere — but  every  precau- 
tion is  taken  to  reduce  them  to  a minimum,  and  where  the}' 
pass  outside. the  firm  is  always  most  liberal  in  rectifying  them. 
Every  order  is  numbered,  and,  with  a samjileof  the  finished 
work,  is  kept,  so  that  by  referring  to  the  registered  number, 
which  is  on  every  job  on  which  it  can  l;e  placed  without 
injury  to  its  appearance,  a customer  can  secure  an  exact  dupli- 
cation of  his  work.  Tliis  is  a very  gi'eat  convenience.  The 
orders  have  l)een  kept  since  January,  1874,  and  they  will 
number  by  January,  188(i,  over  one  hundred  thousand. 

The  establishment  eonstanthj  has  about  100  employees. 

The  large  employment  of  young  ladies  is  very  commendable 
giving  many  an  opportunity  of  earning  an  independent  com- 


92 


petenc'e  for  themselves.  The  neat,  healthful  and  lady-like 
appearance  of  all  employed  proves  that  the  work  is  entirely 
suitable. 

IMost  of  the  employees  of  the  establishment  have  been  with 
it  for  years,  and  it  is  almost  unknown  for  any  employee  to 
leave  the  firm  for  work  elsewhere.  The  desertions  are  con- 
lined,  almost  entirely  to  the  girls— who  all  leave  eventually  to 
fill  a woman’s  ]>lace  in  the  home.  “They  all  do  it” — they 
will  get  married. 

The  second  story  of  the  Broad  Street  Store  is  devoted  to  the 
Ruling  Room.  Here  the  Ruling  on  Blank  Books,  Forms  and 
Folded  Papers  is  done  Three  of  Ilickok’s  single  and  one 
extra  large  double  (the  best)  (Machines  are  kept  busily  going, 
and  often  the  huge  piles  of  paper  awaiting  attention  show  that 
even  these  are  unable  at  times  to  meet  all  the  demands  upon 
them.  The  Ruling  (Machine  is  very  simple  but  the  operation 
of  Ruling  very  delicate,  requiring  judgment  and  care. 

Nearly  all  the  Folded  Papers — Notes,  Letters  and  Caps — 
sold  by  the  establishment  are  ruled  here  because  it  is  more 
carefully  done  than  at  the  Mills,  and  their  customers  have 
better  work.  The  aim  of  the  firm  is  constantly  to  raise  the 
standard  of  excellence  while  reducing  the  cost  of  production, 
but  quaUty  is  never  sacrificed  to  price,  as  there  is  full  demand 
for  first-class  work. 

Such  large  operations  naturally  retjuire  a large  stock  to 
manufacture  from.  This  is  kept  on  the  second  story  of  the 
East  Bay  Store.  Flat  Papers  of  all  .sizes  and  weights;  Ledger 
Papers  of  the  finest  make— Brown’s,  Weston’s,  Southworth, 
and  other  noted  mills;  Tags  and  Tag  Board  ; Cover  Paper  and 
Card  Board  ; Printing  and  Book  Paper,  are  all  here  found  in 
goodly  piles. 

These  are  bought  direct  from  the  mills. 

Part  of  the  Stock  Room  is  also  devoted  to  the  reserve  stock 
of  Full -Bound  Blank  Books. 

Near  by  is  one  of  the  Cutting  Machines,  where  the  paper  is 
manipulated  previous  to  passing  to  the  Printing  Office. 

And,  in  the  South-west  corner  of  the  second  stor}"  is  the 
Boiler  and  Engine  which  supplies  the  motive  power  to  the 
machinery.  Both  Charleston  built,  and  doing  most  effective 
and  satisfactory  work. 

Ascending  to  the  third  floor,  we  are  met  by  the  busy  hum 
of  machinery.  Immediately  before  us,  in  the  East  Bay  front, 
is  the  I’ress  Room— Presses  all  of  the  most  improved  construc- 
tion, each  adapted  to  its  particular  work.  The  light-running 
Gordon’s,  for  small  work;  the  rapid  Hoe’s  Cylinders,  for 
larger  work,  Hoe’s  Cylinder  Revolving  Press  for  newspaper 
work,  and  the  steady  Adams’  Presses  for  book  work.  All  are 
fed  by  girls,  who  do  this  work  most  successfully  and  neatly. 

Without  doubling  the  forms,  the  Press  Room  has  a capacitj'' 
of  turning  out  1-5, 000  finished  sheets  per  hour,  or  1-50,000  per 


93 


day — a production,  we  do  not  think,  equalled  in  any  Press 
Koom  in  the  South. 

The  Black  Ink  ordinarily  used  costs  $1  per  lb.,  and  is  made 
to  order. 

Colored  Inks  are  also  used,  but  the  run  of  work  being  Mer- 
cantile, Bank,  and  Railroad  Printing,  thfere  is  not  much  call 
for  fine  colors. 

In  logical  order,  before  the  Press  Room  should  come  the 
Composing  Room.  This  is  situated  on  the  third  floor.  Broad 
Street  Front,  and  is  well  lighted  and  most  conveniently 
arranged,  with  all  the  most  approved  typographic  conven- 
iences. 

Hundreds  of  fonts  of  type,  of  all  varieties,  fill  the  various 
“ cases” — as  the  printers  call  them — “ drawers,”  the  uninitiated 
would  say.  All  the  handsome,  new  type  is  bought  as  soon  as 
shown  by  the  Founders. 

In  the  front  of  the  Room  is  the  Job  Room,  and  at  the  back 
the  Book  Room. 

The  varied  character  of  the  w'ork  executed  calls  for  all 
capacities  in  the  workmen,  and  tasks  the  foreman  to  keep 
everything  straight. 

The  type  is  here  set  up  and  prepared  for  the  press.  When 
ready,  and  the  thousands  of  little  pieces  of  metal  each  put  in 
its  place,  the  form  is  passed  into  the  Press  Boom.  After 
printing  each  individual  type  has  to  be  replaced  for  further 
use. 

Mounting  yet  another  story  we  come  into  the  Bindery,  where 
the  Large  Ledgers  and  hundreds  of  Blank  Books  are  made. 
In  the  Girls’  Room  they  are  sewed  and  paged  and  then  passed 
into  the  hands  of  the  Binders. 

Have  you  ever  seen  a blank  book  made?  Let  us  see  how 
many  hands  it  passes  through  before  completion  : Superin- 
tendent, 1;  Layer  Out,  2;  Ruler  and  his  Feeder,  4 ; Maker 
Up,  5 ; Sewer,  C ; Pager,?;  Compositor,  8 ; Proof  Reader  and 
Copy  Holdei-,  10;  Pressman  and  Feeder,  12  ; Forwai’der,  13  ; 
Finisher,  14;  Shipper,  15.  Fifteen  handx  certainly,  and  fre- 
quently more,  and  neither  does  more  than  his  share  in  the 
W'ork.  Is  it  not  surprising  that  even  thorough  system  and 
complete  division  of  labor  can  cheapen  the  work  to  the  extent 
that  it  is?  Competition  forces  economy  and  only  by  the  system 
and  saving  of  a large  establishment  can  books  be  profitabh' 
made. 

Two  years  since;  at  the  request  of  the  South  Carolina  Con- 
ference, the  firm  undertook  the  publication  of  the  organ  of 
the  M.  E.  C.,  S. — The  Southern  Christian  Advocate.  Commenc- 
ing with  the  bare  name  and  good  will,  hut  having  the  active 
assistance  of  the  preachers  in  the  Ctnference,  they  have 
worked  the  Advocate  up  to  success.  Its  scope  of  usefulness 
has  weekly  increased,  and  under  its  able  editorial  manage- 
ment it  is  a welcome  visitor  into  thousands  of  families. 


94 


The  firm  has  entered  the  field  of  School  Book  Publication 
and  has  commenced  the  publication,  at  home,  of  home  school 
boohs. 

Keynolds’  Headers  and  Copy  Books,  adopted  by  the  State 
Board  of  Education  for  use  in  the  Public  Schools  of  the  State, 
and  by  the  Charleston  School  Commissioners  for  the  City 
Schools,  are  <;ood  books  and  equal  to  the  wants  of  our  schools. 
These  are  but  the  beginnings,  and  the  general  encouragement 
given,  inducing  the  firm  to  persevere,  they  have  other  books 
in  prejiaration  which  will  soon  be  published.  Their  aim  is  to 
have  a complete  seiies,  which  can  be  adopted  everywhere  on 
their  merits,  and  not  because  of  gratuities,  and  fill  the  long  felt 
want  for  home  books,  by  home  authors  and  home  publishers. 

The  entire  Fifth  Floor  is  devoted  to  the  Engraving  and 
Stereotype  Department.  The  firm  controls  a patent  process 
by  which  engravings  of  every  description  are  cheaply  and 
rapidly  reproduced.  For  the  better  understanding  of  their 
process,  we  give  the 

GENERAL  INimRlIATIOX  IN  REGARD  TO  OUR  PLATES. 

The  Relief  Plates  produced  by  our  process  offer  all  the 
advantages  of  wood  cuts,  and  are  preferable  to  them  in  many 
respects,  as  they  are  more  durable,  never  warp,  and  the  print- 
ing surface  remains  true  and  smooth  iu all  temperatures;  they 
can  be  ])rinted  with  type  on  an  ordinary  press,  electrotyped  or 
stereotyped  in  the  usual  wa.y.  Concerning  depth  and  precision 
of  lines,  variety  and  exactness  of  designs,  they  compare  favor- 
ably with  the  best  artistic  work  of  engravers. 

Dopy. — this  process  being  pre-eminently  a copying  process, 
it  is  obvious  that  the  excellency  of  the  reproduction  will 
■depend  iu  a great  measure  on  the  quality  of  the  original, 
although  minor  defects  can  be  remedied  iu  the  plate. 

Of  engravings  to  be  copied  perfectly,  black  prints  on  white 
paper  must  be  furnished. 

Drawings  of  any  description  should  be  made  on  smooth, 
white  paper,  and  even  the  finest  lines  must  be  thoroughly 
shaiqi  ami  black. 

Lithographs  and  crayon  drawings  give  surprisingly  good 
relief  plates,  but  it  requires  careful  printing  to  do  them 
justice. 

Photographs  from  nature  are  not  reproduced  direct,  but  are 
used  by  the  artists  for  the  lendering  of  pen  drawings. 

ItEDUcnoN  AND  ENLARGEMENT. — The  facility  to  enlarge  or 
reduce  furnished  copies  is  one  of  the  many  advantages  of  their 
process,  and  can  be  carried  to  extreme  limits,  but  it  is  not 
always  advisable  to  do  so,  as  the  lines  become  proportionately 
coarse  and  ragged  in  too  great  an  enlargement  and  so  fine  and 
close  together  in  too  great  a reduction  that  they  are  apt  to  fill 
in  printing.  Pen  drawings  and  wood  cuts  can  be  reduced  to 
advantage,  in  proportion  to  the  boldness  of  the  lines,  say  one- 


half  or  one-fourth  of  the  original  size.  Fine  crayon  drawings, 
lithographs  and  steel  engravings,  may  be  slightly  enlarged 
with  good  results. 

Time. — They  are  able  to  fill  even  large  orders  within  a week  or 
two,  but  being  generally  crow'ded  wTth  w'ork  for  several  w’eeks 
ahead,  Ave  advise  their  customers  to  send  their  orders  as  early 
as  possible. 

Printing. — It  is  hardly  necessary  to  mention,  that,  though  a 
bad  plate  can  never  print  well,  even  the  best  engraving  can  be 
spoiled  by  poor  printing.  In  all  cases  the  printed  results 
should  be  as  good  as  the  proofs  which  accompany  the  plates. 

They  will,  on  application,  furnish  estimates  for  printing,  and 
w ill  personally  supervise  the  same,  thus  procuring  the  best 
press  work  possible. 

Prices. — The  co-^t  of  preparation  A’aries  with  the  size  and 
quality  of  the  subject,  but  it  is  in  all  cases  below'  the  price  of 
wood  cuts,  the  difference  becoming  more  striking  the  more 
complicated  and  difficult  the  design. 

In  simply  sketching  the  history  of  this  firm  ive  omit  many 
details  Avhich  enter  into  a large  printing  and  engraving  estab- 
lishment, only  adding  that  every  kind  of  W’ork  that  comes 
w’ithin  its  range  is  done  bj'  them;  and  having  the  fullest 
capacit}'  for  doing  a large  business,  they  can  fill  orders 
prompti}',  no  matter  to  what  extent. 


an^  %ttsf 

Offers  the  Best  Guaranteed  Security  to  its 
Depositors,  having  a 

STOCK  CAPITA!  OF  fSOOg©©©. 

These  Deiiosits  are  kept  separately  from  the  general  business  of  the 
Bank,  are  specially  invested  in  good  Securities,  and  in  addition,  are 
guaranteed  by  the  large  Capital  of  the  Company,  thereby  offering  a 
perfectly  safe  investment. 

DEPQSlfi  mVlfli  AID  Umil-  IlflDflD. 


Interest  allowed  at  5 Per  Cent.  Per  Annum,  Compounded 
Semi-Annually,  January  and  July. 

E.  H.  FROST,  President. 

W.  B.  WILLIAMS,  F.  A.  MITCHELL,' 

Vice-President.  Cashier. 


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